Abstract:Soil pollution has become a substantial environmental problem which is amplified by overpopulation in different regions. In this review, the state of the art regarding the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for soil remediation is presented. This review aims to provide an outline of recent technologies developed for the decontamination of polluted soils by using AOPs. Depending on the decontamination process, these techniques have been presented in three categories: the Fenton process, sulfate radicals… Show more
“…The first agitated batch experiments consisted of assessing eight different novel oxidation treatments (oxidants and activators on their own, PS, Fe(II), S-nZVI, and Fe(VI), and mixtures of PS + Fe(II), PS + S-nZVI, PS + Fe(VI) + PS, and Fe(VI) + S-nZVI) at different incubation times (1, 2.5 and 5 h) and at low (PS, Fe(II), Fe(VI) at 1 mM and S-nZVI at 1 g/L) and high (PS, Fe(II), Fe(VI) at 10 mM and S-nZVI at 10 g/L) concentrations for the evaluation of the in situ removal, at 20 • C, of a single chlorinated compound (initial concentration 100 µg/L). The concentration of the oxidant agent was selected based on the literature [17,19,24], which indicates a notable enhancement in the degradation of various persistent organic pollutants and emerging contaminants within the concentration range of 1 to 20 mM. The spiked chlorinated solvent was TCE.…”
Section: Experimental Designmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PS is a strong oxidant that is commonly used in soil treatments due to its low cost and low soil interaction [16]. For example, PS has been successful in degrading some emerging compounds like triclosan and other pharmaceuticals [17]. However, PS alone lacks the capability to effectively eliminate recalcitrant organic contaminants and requires activation [18].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The activation of PS is achieved through direct electron transfer or free radical reactions, where electron transfer reactions are relatively slow and selective. PS in combination with different activators (i.e., transition metals, temperature, UV) can degrade a wide variety of organic pollutants (i.e., pharmaceuticals [17], industrial compounds [19], pesticides [18]). Nevertheless, the effectiveness of its pollutant removal is contingent upon the nature of the contaminants, the methodologies employed for its activation, and the porous media to be treated [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another possible choice is the employment of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), a strong reductant that has shown good results in degrading a wide variety of halogenated organic compounds [14]. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) can also be used to activate PS [17]. It has been proposed that ZVI, as an iron source, gradually releases ferrous ions, such as ferrous sulfate (Fe(II)), avoiding the scavenging effect at high iron concentrations and enhancing the production of sulphate radicals [19].…”
Industrial chlorinated solvents continue to be among the most significant issues in groundwater (GW) pollution worldwide. This study assesses the effectiveness of eight novel oxidation treatments, including persulfate (PS), ferrous sulfate, sulfidated nano-zero valent iron (S-nZVI), and potassium ferrate, along with their combinations, for the potential in situ remediation of GW polluted with chlorinated solvents (1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene). Our bench-scale results reveal that the combined addition of PS and S-nZVI can effectively eliminate trichloroethylene (10 µg/L), achieving removal rates of up to 80% and 92% within 1 h, respectively, when using synthetic GW. In the case of real GW, this combination achieved removal rates of 69, 99, and 92% for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene, respectively, within 24 h. Therefore, this proposed remediation solution resulted in a significant reduction in the environmental risk quotient, shifting it from a high-risk (1.1) to a low-risk (0.2) scenario. Furthermore, the absence of transformation products, such as vinyl chloride, suggests the suitability of employing this solution for the in situ remediation of GW polluted with chlorinated solvents.
“…The first agitated batch experiments consisted of assessing eight different novel oxidation treatments (oxidants and activators on their own, PS, Fe(II), S-nZVI, and Fe(VI), and mixtures of PS + Fe(II), PS + S-nZVI, PS + Fe(VI) + PS, and Fe(VI) + S-nZVI) at different incubation times (1, 2.5 and 5 h) and at low (PS, Fe(II), Fe(VI) at 1 mM and S-nZVI at 1 g/L) and high (PS, Fe(II), Fe(VI) at 10 mM and S-nZVI at 10 g/L) concentrations for the evaluation of the in situ removal, at 20 • C, of a single chlorinated compound (initial concentration 100 µg/L). The concentration of the oxidant agent was selected based on the literature [17,19,24], which indicates a notable enhancement in the degradation of various persistent organic pollutants and emerging contaminants within the concentration range of 1 to 20 mM. The spiked chlorinated solvent was TCE.…”
Section: Experimental Designmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PS is a strong oxidant that is commonly used in soil treatments due to its low cost and low soil interaction [16]. For example, PS has been successful in degrading some emerging compounds like triclosan and other pharmaceuticals [17]. However, PS alone lacks the capability to effectively eliminate recalcitrant organic contaminants and requires activation [18].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The activation of PS is achieved through direct electron transfer or free radical reactions, where electron transfer reactions are relatively slow and selective. PS in combination with different activators (i.e., transition metals, temperature, UV) can degrade a wide variety of organic pollutants (i.e., pharmaceuticals [17], industrial compounds [19], pesticides [18]). Nevertheless, the effectiveness of its pollutant removal is contingent upon the nature of the contaminants, the methodologies employed for its activation, and the porous media to be treated [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another possible choice is the employment of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), a strong reductant that has shown good results in degrading a wide variety of halogenated organic compounds [14]. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) can also be used to activate PS [17]. It has been proposed that ZVI, as an iron source, gradually releases ferrous ions, such as ferrous sulfate (Fe(II)), avoiding the scavenging effect at high iron concentrations and enhancing the production of sulphate radicals [19].…”
Industrial chlorinated solvents continue to be among the most significant issues in groundwater (GW) pollution worldwide. This study assesses the effectiveness of eight novel oxidation treatments, including persulfate (PS), ferrous sulfate, sulfidated nano-zero valent iron (S-nZVI), and potassium ferrate, along with their combinations, for the potential in situ remediation of GW polluted with chlorinated solvents (1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene). Our bench-scale results reveal that the combined addition of PS and S-nZVI can effectively eliminate trichloroethylene (10 µg/L), achieving removal rates of up to 80% and 92% within 1 h, respectively, when using synthetic GW. In the case of real GW, this combination achieved removal rates of 69, 99, and 92% for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene, respectively, within 24 h. Therefore, this proposed remediation solution resulted in a significant reduction in the environmental risk quotient, shifting it from a high-risk (1.1) to a low-risk (0.2) scenario. Furthermore, the absence of transformation products, such as vinyl chloride, suggests the suitability of employing this solution for the in situ remediation of GW polluted with chlorinated solvents.
“… Fig. 13 Schematic representation of chemical soil washing using reagents [Reprinted with permission from the reference number [ 127 ] Calenciuc, C.; Fdez-Sanromán, A Recent Developments in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organics-Polluted Soil Reclamation. ; Lama, G.; Annamalai, S.; Sanromán, A.; Pazos, M. Catalysts 2022 , 12 , 64.…”
Section: Different Techniques Employed For the Removal Of Hmis Fromhm...mentioning
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