Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)

Adahchour, M.; Beens, Jan; Vreuls, René J. J.; Brinkman, U.A.Th.

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2006.04.004

Cited by 180 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…It is widely recognized that wraparound can be a problem when analyzing matrix-rich environmental samples because peaks of coeluted Fig. 1 Two-dimension gas chromatography (GC×GC)-micro electron capture detection (μECD) chromatograms of a technical C 10 -C 13 shortchain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) mixture with a 55 % (w/w) chlorine content using three different column combinations: a DM-1 column followed by a BPX-70 column (a), a DM-1 column followed by a BPX-50 column (b), and a DM-1 column followed by a DB-WAX column (c) interfering compounds from the matrix can overlap with the target compound peaks and affect the ability to quantify the target compounds [26]. In other words, a modulation period must be chosen that preserves the first-dimension separation, which requires the peaks corresponding to all compounds eluted from the first GC column to be as sharp as possible.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Modulation Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and screening of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection

et al. 2014

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures with thousands of isomers and numerous homologs. They are classified as priority candidate persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention for their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Analyzing SCCPs is challenging because of the complexity of the mixtures. Chromatograms of SCCPs acquired using onedimensional (1D) gas chromatography (GC) contain a large characteristic "peak" with a broad and unresolved profile. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) shows excellent potential for separating complex mixtures. In this study, GC×GC coupled with micro electron capture detection (μECD) was used to separate and screen SCCPs. The chromatographic parameters, including the GC column types, oven temperature program, and modulation period, were systematically optimized. The SCCP congeners were separated into groups using a DM-1 column connected to a BPX-50 column. The SCCP congeners in technical mixtures were separated according to the number of chlorine substituents for a given carbon chain length and according to the number of carbon atoms plus chlorine atoms for different carbon chain lengths. A fish tissue sample was analyzed to illustrate the feasibility of the GC×GC-μECD method in analyzing biological samples. Over 1,500 compounds were identified in the fish extract, significantly more than were identified using 1D GC. The detection limits for five selected SCCP congeners were between 1 and 5 pg/L using the GC×GC method, and these were significantly lower than those achieved using 1D GC. This method is a good choice for analysis of SCCPs in environmental samples, exhibiting good separation and good sensitivity.

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Section: Optimization Of the Modulation Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and screening of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection

et al. 2014

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“…In this, calibration and quantification of GCÂGC peak responses are performed with the same approaches as for GC (including internal calibration, external calibration, and response factors), but research surveys document that the quantitative performance of GCÂGC is superior to that for one-dimensional GC [48][49][50]. In an early report of quantitative performance for GCÂGC, Gaines et al [51] reported two-to fourfold improvements in limits-ofdetection for trace oxygenate and aromatic compounds with FID.…”

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 4 Data Acquisition, Visualization, and Analysis

Reichenbach¹

2009

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry

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“…The application of GC×GC to the analysis of highly complex petrochemical mixtures has been described by a number of authors [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, despite the increase in separation power, peak co-elution still occurs when samples containing isomeric compounds are 3 analysed by comprehensive two dimensional GC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional gas chromatography-online hydrogenation for improved characterization of petrochemical samples

Potgieter

Bekker

Rohwer

2016

Journal of Chromatography A

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The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process produces a variety of hydrocarbons over a wide carbon number range and during subsequent product workup a large variety of synthetic fuels and chemicals are produced. The complexity of the product slate obtained from this process is well documented and the high temperature FT (HT-FT) process products are spread over gas, oil and water phases. The characterization of these phases is very challenging even when using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS). Despite the increase in separation power, peak coelution still occurs when samples containing isomeric compounds are analysed by comprehensive two dimensional GC. The separation of cyclic and double bond containing compounds and combinations thereof is especially difficult since these compounds elute in a similar position on the GC×GC chromatogram and have identical molecular masses and similar fragmentation patterns. Pre-separation of alkenes and alkanes with HPLC prior to the GC×GC-TOF-MS analysis was used to distinguish between the cyclic and non-cyclic isomers of both these compounds. Subsequently, a method utilizing supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) as an on-line pre-fractionation step was also developed. These pre-fractionation methods cannot be used to distinguish between classes like dienes and cyclic olefins since both contain alkene double bonds that will form adducts with the silver ions in these methods. On-line hydrogenation after GC×GC separation is a possible way to distinguish between these compounds since the number of rings and alkene double bonds can be determined from the mass spectra of the compounds before and after hydrogenation. This paper describes development of a GC×GC method with post column hydrogenation for the determination of the backbone of cyclic/olefinic structures enabling 2 us to differentiate between classes like dienes and cyclic olefins in complex petrochemical streams.

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Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)

Cited by 180 publications

References 0 publications

Separation and screening of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection

Separation and screening of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection

Chapter 4 Data Acquisition, Visualization, and Analysis

Two-dimensional gas chromatography-online hydrogenation for improved characterization of petrochemical samples

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