Recent developments in electron energy analysers

High-resolution energy analyzer for photoelectron diffraction studies

“…[4,5]), the lenses focusing hollow conical beams are used. Lenses for focusing hollow beams, used in some photoelectron energy analyzers [7,8], as well known, possess optical properties similar to the properties of 2D lenses [4,5], and thus can be easily designed with a quality typical for classic axially symmetric round lenses.…”

A double toroidal analyzer for scanning probe electron energy spectrometer

“…Toroidal analyzers (TA), which are capable of parallel detections of energies and scattering angles of the charged particles (e.g., electrons) over a large range, have been developed in a variety of fields that have encountered the problem of low count rate. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The preliminary work of combining a TA with a scanning tip system in our laboratory demonstrated a capability for spatially-resolved spectroscopic measurement by the SPEES technique. [23,24] As a significant im-provement, the double toroidal analyzer (DTA), formed by juxtaposing two toroidal-sector electrode pairs, has the advantage of achieving a flat focal surface and normal incidence of particles onto the detector surface.…”

An analysing system for concurrent energy and angular distribution measurements of charged particles' emission

“…In both cases, the use of position-sensitive detectors (PSD) allows one to increase the speed of collecting the particles by a great multiplication of the number of registration channels. Planar PSDs are in common use in registration of vast regions of energy spectra [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Of course, a more complicated situation applies when an experimentalist has to examine energy and angular dependences simultaneously.…”