Recent Developments in Mpox Prevention and Treatment Options

Malik, Shiza; Ahmad, Tahir; Ahsan, Omar; Muhammad, Khalid; Waheed, Yasir

doi:10.3390/vaccines11030500

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Other antivirals, including brincidofovir (Tembexa) and cidofovir (Vistide), have also been used in several conditions of mpox infection. Cidofovir, FDA approved injection‐based antiviral against cytomegalovirus infection 72–76 . Recently, it has been used to treat patients with monkeypox virus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now there has been no specific medicine or treatment option available against mpox infection 72 . Drugs used in the treatment of smallpox (tecovirimat or ST‐246) can be used for special cases of mpox 72–79 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now there has been no specific medicine or treatment option available against mpox infection. 72 Drugs used in the treatment of T A B L E 4 Identified risk factors of transmission of mpox outbreak. 4,34,50,[57][58][59][60][64][65][66][67][68][69]…”

Section: Treatment and Prevention Of Mpox Virus Infected Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Sharif,

Alzahrani

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsThe 2022‐mpox outbreak has spread worldwide in a short time. Integrated knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and transmission of mpox are limited. This systematic review of peer‐reviewed articles and gray literature was conducted to shed light on the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission of 2022‐mpox outbreak.MethodsWe identified 45 peer‐reviewed manuscripts for data analysis. The standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) Statement and Cochrane Collaboration were followed for conducting the study.ResultsThe case number of mpox has increased about 100 times worldwide. About 99% of the cases in 2022 outbreak was from non‐endemic regions. Men (70%–98% cases) were mostly infected with homosexual and bisexual behavior (30%–60%). The ages of the infected people ranged between 30 and 40 years. The presence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among 30%–60% of cases were reported. Human‐to‐human transmission via direct contact and different body fluids were involved in the majority of the cases (90%–100%). Lesions in genitals, perianal, and anogenital areas were more prevalent. Unusually, pharyngitis (15%–40%) and proctitis (20%–40%) were more common during 2022 outbreak than pre‐2022 outbreaks. Brincidofovir is approved for the treatment of smallpox by FDA (USA). Two vaccines, including JYNNEOSTM and ACAM2000®, are approved and used for pre‐ and post‐prophylaxis in cases. About 100% of the cases in non‐endemic regions were associated with isolates of IIb clade with a divergence of 0.0018–0.0035. Isolates from B.1 lineage were the most predominant followed by B.1.2 and B.1.10.ConclusionThis study will add integrated knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission of mpox.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Sharif,

Alzahrani

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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“…Since May 2022, there has been a rapid spread of human mpox cases in non-endemic areas. [19][20][21] Clinical symptoms of human mpox typically include prodromal fever, fever, skin eruption, malaise, headache, and lymphadenopathy. 20,22 Diagnosis primarily relies on laboratory testing, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) being common diagnostic methods.…”

Section: Mpox (Monkeypox)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing diagnostic accuracy in common human poxvirus infections during mpox outbreak: A dermoscopy review

Li,

Zhao,

et al. 2023

Skin Research and Technology

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Poxviruses belong to the Poxviridae family, a group of pathogens known for their high infectivity in humans, posing significant health threats. One of the most well‐known representatives of poxvirus infections is smallpox, which has been successfully eradicated. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence in cases of mpox, another member of the Poxviridae family, raising concerns about the potential for a global pandemic or a worldwide health crisis. While the typical clinical presentation of mpox and other poxvirus infections often involves cutaneous lesions, there have been reports of various atypical and non‐classic clinical manifestations. Dermoscopy has emerged as a crucial diagnostic tool, aiding dermatologists in clinical practice to make informed decisions. In this summary, we provide an overview of the clinical and dermoscopic features of representative cutaneous lesions associated with human poxvirus infections, including mpox, orf, milker's nodule, and molluscum contagiosum.

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“…The DRC has reported 500 suspected cases of human disease in recent years, primarily due to the mpox virus 30 . Notably different from variola virus (causing smallpox) and vaccinia virus (used in smallpox vaccination), mpox cases have surged, driven by secondary transmission among the unvaccinated 31 . Mpox infections exhibit adenopathy, a characteristic feature distinguishing them from smallpox 18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of reemerging mpox infection with a focus on neurological manifestations

Alissa,

Alghamdi,

Alghamdi

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Mpox, a reemerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for severe clinical manifestations. While the cutaneous and systemic presentations of mpox have been well‐documented, its neurological complications have recently emerged as an area of concern. This review provides a brief overview of the neurological aspects of mpox infection, highlighting the key findings and challenges in understanding and managing these complications. Neurological manifestations in mpox patients range from mild symptoms such as headaches and dizziness to more severe conditions, including encephalitis and seizures. The pathogenesis of neurological involvement is not yet fully elucidated but is thought to involve viral dissemination to the central nervous system. This dissemination may occur through haematogenous or neuronal routes, contributing to the diverse clinical spectrum observed. Early recognition and diagnosis of neurological complications in mpox are crucial for implementing appropriate therapeutic interventions and improving patient outcomes.

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Recent Developments in Mpox Prevention and Treatment Options

Cited by 14 publications

References 95 publications

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022‐mpox outbreak: A systematic review

Enhancing diagnostic accuracy in common human poxvirus infections during mpox outbreak: A dermoscopy review

Overview of reemerging mpox infection with a focus on neurological manifestations

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