Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

To meet the needs of clinical medicine, bone tissue engineering is developing dynamically. Scaffolds for bone healing might be used as solid, preformed scaffolding materials, or through the injection of a solidifiable precursor into the defective tissue. There are miscellaneous biomaterials used to stimulate bone repair including ceramics, metals, naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers, and other biocompatible substances. Combining ceramics and metals or polymers holds promise for future cures as the materials complement each other. Further research must explain the limitations of the size of the defects of each scaffold, and additionally, check the possibility of regeneration after implantation and resistance to disease. Before tissue engineering, a lot of bone defects were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Biodegradable polymers are widely applied as porous scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes are good biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity, and injectability. They may also be used as temporary extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue healing and regeneration. Herein, the current state concerning polyurethanes in bone tissue engineering are discussed and introduced, as well as future trends.

Biodegradable and Biocompatible Thermoplastic Poly(Ester-Urethane)s Based on Poly(ε-Caprolactone) and Novel 1,3-Propanediol Bis(4-Isocyanatobenzoate) Diisocyanate: Synthesis and Characterization

“…In addition, the mechanical properties of these systems are tunable by the election of different soft and hard segments. There are many reports of polyurethanes with tissue engineering applications [ 40 , 41 ]. The literature mentioned that the rupture of ester linkages increases hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation.…”

Effect of Antibacterial Enoxacin on the Properties of Injectable Nano-hydroxyapatite/Polyurethane Cement for Bone Repairing

“…In our previous study, cured pure PU was a stable and nondegradable materials, of which the solubility was 0.13 ± 0.07% after 24 h soaking in water and the dimensional expansion was 1.39 ± 0.38% after immersed in deionized water for 4 weeks [48]. A review has pointed that the presence of nano-particle, such as n-HA, would improve the stability and biocompatibility of polymer materials [49]. Here, shown in Table 2, the SR of all drug-loaded PUHA cements were smaller, while the gel contents (G) were larger than the PUHA cement when they were soaking in ethanol (p < 0.001).…”

3D biocompatible bone engineering foams with tunable mechanical properties and porous structures

“…22 In the last decade, PUs have been used in a wide range of applications because of their good biocompatibility, shape memory properties, bioactivity and bioconductivity. [23][24][25] Such as, thermoplastic polyurethane/ multiwalled carbon nanotube composites prepared for sensors using 3D printing technology. 26 Using polyurethane properties and the antimicrobial properties of aniline trimer segments, a series of electroactive shape-memory polyurethane-urea elastomers have been prepared that significantly facilitate the in vivo wound healing process with their multifunctional properties.…”

“…Polytetrahydrofuran (PTMG) is a hydrophobic aliphatic saturated polyether elastomer that is widely used due to its elasticity, flexibility, hydrolytic stability and biocompatibility 22 . In the last decade, PUs have been used in a wide range of applications because of their good biocompatibility, shape memory properties, bioactivity and bio‐conductivity 23–25 . Such as, thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites prepared for sensors using 3D printing technology 26 .…”