Recent developments in processing and surface modification of hydroxyapatite

Abstract

The present paper reviews the developments in the fields of bioceramic materials and laser surface microstructuring of materials. The clinical success of a bioceramic implant depends largely on the biological response at the implant interface in addition to the sufficiency of the mechanical properties for the application. The use of lasers in the present paper is largely to tailor the topography, surface properties and composition with a view to enhancing the implant biocompatibility. Developments in production methods for hydroxyapatite [HA: Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] are also discussed with the advantages of producing nanocrystalline material via emulsion routes. The improved mechanical stability featured by nanocrystalline HA should promote clinical success in further load bearing applications.

High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of Zn–Ce oxides: unprecedented solubility of Zn in the nanoparticle fluorite lattice

“…The authors used a new CHFS reactor (Adschiri et al 1992a,b;Darr & Poliakoff 1999;Cabanas et al 2000Cabanas et al , 2001Sue et al 2004;Hakuta et al 2005;Chaudhry et al 2006;Lester et al 2006;Norton et al 2006;Boldrin et al 2007;Weng et al 2007Weng et al , 2008Weng et al , 2009aChaudhry et al 2008;Zhang et al 2009a,b) known as a HiTCH flow synthesis reactor that allowed controlled delivery of mixed metal salt solutions into the system. Cerium ammonium nitrate and zinc nitrate were used as the metal ion feeds and all nanoparticles were produced under alkaline conditions because of the presence of potassium hydroxide in flow.…”

“…The HiTCH reactor used a flow of superheated water to generate a complete 66-sample library of Ce x Zr y Y z O 2−d in less than 12 h (Weng et al 2009a). Zn-Ti and Ce-Ti binary systems have also been synthesized by the authors using a similar route (Norton et al 2006;Zhang et al 2009a,b).…”

“…Conventional CHFS methods have been used previously by the authors and others for the synthesis of a range of nanoceramic oxides. Typically, up to 10 samples per day can reasonably be made (at a level of a few grams per sample) for more conventional CHFS (Adschiri et al 1992a,b;Darr & Poliakoff 1999;Cabanas et al 2000Cabanas et al , 2001Sue et al 2004;Hakuta et al 2005;Chaudhry et al 2006;Lester et al 2006;Norton et al 2006;Boldrin et al 2007;Weng et al 2007Weng et al , 2008Weng et al , 2009bChaudhry et al 2008;Lin et al 2009;Thompson et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009a,b). Recently, the authors described a new and more efficient manual CHFS route that allowed the synthesis of multiple nanoceramics compositions in a short time, called HiTCH (high-throughput continuous hydrothermal) flow synthesis.…”

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…HA with the Ca/P ratio [1.67 (Ca-rich HA) might be prepared as well (Bonel et al 1988). The detailed information on HA synthesis is available elsewhere (Narasaraju and Phebe 1996; Riman et al 2002;Koutsopoulos 2002;Norton et al 2006;Sadat-Shojai et al 2013). In addition, there are good reviews on HA solubility, crystal growth and intermediate phases of HA crystallization (Rakovan 2002), as well as on HA dissolution (Dorozhkin 2012e).…”

Thermally assisted high efficiency ductile machining of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite: A numerical study

“…In addition, the thermal properties are given in Table 2. These properties are obtained from literature and Pioneer Surgical Technology Inc. [6][7][8][9][10]. Because of the lower material hardness, ductile regime machining should theoretically be easier to achieve.…”