Recent Developments in Stability and Passivation Techniques of Phosphorene toward Next‐Generation Device Applications

Abstract

Phosphorene as a rising star is a monolayer or few‐layer form of black phosphorus (BP), which is used as a 2D material, in addition to graphene. This monoelemental 2D material has gained considerable attention in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, and biomedicine due to its extraordinary physical properties. However, as both theoretical and experimental works show, the intrinsic instability of phosphorene under ambient conditions is a major challenge in practical applications. Various theoretical and experimental researches regarding the mechanism of the degradation and passivation strategies are proposed and reported to overcome the problem of the ambient instability of phosphorene. These strategies have enabled researchers to conduct fundamental studies on phosphorene's extraordinary properties. Here, not only an extensive summary of these passivation strategies but also an overview of the fabrication methods, challenges, and suitable applications of phosphorene are provided.

Xenes as an Emerging 2D Monoelemental Family: Fundamental Electrochemistry and Energy Applications

“…Among the most efficient strategies is fluorinated structure which is a more stable paradigm compared with hydrogenated structures. [164] By performing appropriate surface modification/functionalization (e.g., heteroatoms, [11,164] molecules, [21,56,165] and nanoparticles), building multi-layered structures, [166] encapsulate with effective protective layers [167,168] and liquid-phase surface passivation, [39] rational choice of the encapsulate capping layers like carbon-based materials, [167] metallic oxide, metal sulfide, h-BN, MXenes, [162] and polymer, the chemical stability of Xenes can be much improved without sacrificing chemical activities due to the synergistic effect (as shown in Figure 3).…”

Novel two-dimensional monoelemental and ternary materials: growth, physics and application

“…The 2D BP nanosheets have been demonstrated to exhibit unique physical and optoelectronic properties including the quantum Hall effect, saturable absorption and high performance of transistors and infrared PDs [55][56][57]. Subsequently, focus has been on the monolayer and fewlayer monoelemental 2D materials of group-VA elements (As, Sb, Bi, Te and Se), showing the promising candidates in future applications in electrics and optics [58].…”

Chemistry of Phosphorene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Biomedical Applications in an Update Review

“…Moreover, light speeds up the degradation process of phosphorene to form P x O y on the surface. The limiting step in the oxidation rate is influenced by the oxygen concentration, energy gap, and light intensity, as well as layer thickness, due to the fact that reducing the layer thickness enlarges the gap and shifts the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum to higher energies, thus matching those of oxygen [43,44]. Currently, the degradation process is not well understood, and its systematic study is under investigation.…”