Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds

Method for the purification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment for compound-specific isotope analysis

“…Therefore, exploring a refined purification method to produce high-purity extracts is crucial for the accurate and precise analysis of isotope composition. Typical purification procedures used for the separation of PBDEs in environmental samples include gel permeation chromatography, silica gel and alumina with varying degrees of activation [18,19]. These purification methods, however, are normally designed for quantification analysis.…”

Supercritical fluid extraction of polyhalogenated pollutants from aquaculture and marine environmental samples: A review

“…The procedure involving the direct treatment of the extracts with sulphuric acid is suitable for the destruction of lipids when the organohalogenated compounds are stable in a highly acidic medium like the PBDEs [25]. Three toxaphene congeners have been determined in salmon from the Swedish coastal environment using both supercritical fluid (SFE) and the traditional liquidliquid extractions [84].…”

“…During the SFE step, many interfering components, such as large amounts of elemental sulphur, are coextracted from sediment samples together with the target analytes; so a clean-up procedure is generally required before the final chromatographic determination [25]. The simplest treatment that can be used on the sample to eliminate sulphur consists of a mixture of copper powder directly activated in the extraction cell [20,66,76].…”

“…), SFE-based extraction processes have yet to be studied or applied in full [24]. This review does not include a discussion of the determination methods, as they have been widely studied and reviewed elsewhere [25,26]. The main objective of this paper is to review the great analytical potential of the extraction method with supercritical fluids and to present a critical overview of the role of this technique in the separation of different groups of halogenated pollutants from aquaculture and marine environment-related samples.…”

Methods

“…Halogenated organics will be extracted from frozen sediments in a shore-based laboratory following published protocols (Covaci et al, 2007). Concentrations of compounds of interest will be quantified using a combination of coupled gas chromatography mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography.…”