“…Various nanocarriers including polymeric nanoparticles such as hydrogeles, dendrimers, polymerosomes, lipid nanocarriers such as liposomes, micelles, organic nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and non-organic nanoparticulates of gold, silver, magnetic Fe 3 O 4 , etc. have often been used for various purposes in the detection and cure of human diseases, in particular, cancer 1–3. Nevertheless, various physiological/physical barriers still need to be addressed in relation to: (i) tumor cell heterogeneity such as clonal evolution and alteration/loss of tumor cell-specific surface markers, (ii) microenvironment of cancer cell such as the presence of a dense extracellular matrix, poor vascular system, low pH, etc., (iii) presence of different physiological barriers such as plasma/nuclear/organelle membranes, blood-brain barrier (BBB), etc; (iv) properties of nanoparticles, including their safety profile, stability, drug encapsulation efficiency, etc 4,5.…”