“…The principal solvent of nature is water, which is the protagonist of hydrophobic effects. − Their wide momentousness is exemplified in a variety of phenomena in natural, engineering, and pharmaceutical sciences, such as self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules to biological membranes, , receptor–ligand binding, ,− catalysis using cavitands, − transport through nanopores, − as well as protein folding, stability, and function. − Having a common foundation in the incompatibility of water and nonpolar solutes, the hydrophobic effects are quite diverse in their physical nature. In particular, they exhibit a characteristic length scale dependence, which is a consequence of the different water structure, dynamics, and fluctuations around small and large hydrophobic objects − and leads to an exchange between enthalpic and entropic thermodynamic driving forces …”