Recent developments in the utilization of salinity power

Salinity-gradient power: Evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis

“…In this case, however, the achieved power density will be close to zero, according to Eqs. (14) and (16). In the same way the energy recovery theoretically could be lower than 50% when the mixing is less retarded by a back-force ( P < π eff /2 and V < φ eff /2).…”

“…The achieved power density will then also be lower than the optimal power density (Eqs. (14) and (16)).…”

“…Often the free energy difference of the water is not taken into account (e.g. [14]), which results in an under-estimation of <10%. The theoretically available amount of energy from mixing 1 m 3 seawater (comparable to 0.5 mol/l NaCl) and 1 m 3 river water (comparable to 0.01 mol/l NaCl) both at a temperature of 293 K is 1.5 MJ; the theoretically available amount of energy from mixing 1 m 3 brine (5 mol/l NaCl) and 1 m 3 river water (0.01 mol/l NaCl) at 293 K is more than 16.9 MJ.…”

The effects of blue energy on future emissions of greenhouse gases and other atmospheric pollutants in China

“…In a recent study, Kuleszo et al (2010) used a simplified Gibbs equation developed by Forgacs (1982) to estimate the current (2000) theoretical potential of blue energy globally ( Equations 2 and 3). We used the minimum monthly energy densities (ED) when assessing the technical potentials in the study, and assumed that the standard river water salinity (C D ) is equal to 0.005 mol/l.…”

The potential of blue energy for reducing emissions of CO2and non-CO2greenhouse gases

“…We calculate the theoretical potential as a function of the annual river discharges, average sea salinities and temperatures at the river mouth using Equation (2)an adjusted version of an equation based on Gibbs' free energy equation (Forgas 1982).…”