Recent Developments of Superhydrophobic Surfaces (SHS) for Underwater Drag Reduction Opportunities and Challenges

Feng, Xiaoming; Sun, Pengfei; Tian, Guizhong

doi:10.1002/admi.202101616

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Thus, researchers have focused on periodic microstructures aligned in the flow direction, similar to sharkskin. [19] In prior modeling and experimentation, researchers have decreased frictional drag by using different variations of linear periodic microstructures. For example, Xu et al developed a series of linear microtrenches demonstrating a maximum drag reduction of ≈30% in high Reynolds number applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Template‐Free Scalable Fabrication of Linearly Periodic Microstructures by Controlling Ribbing Defects Phenomenon in Forward Roll Coating for Multifunctional Applications

Islam

Perera

Black

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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developing multifunctional surfaces with unique capabilities, including superhydrophobicity, [1,2] self-cleaning, [3,4] anti-icing, [3,5] anti-biofoulin, [6,7] biological sensors, [6] and radiative cooling. [6,8] For example, Namib Desert beetles use the superhydrophobicsuperhydrophilic micropatterned skin to harvest water from fog. [12][13][14] Plants such as lotus utilize microstructures on leaves to influence wetting behavior and enable self-cleaning. [12,15] Sharks' unique skin morphology augments the near-wall vorticity during turbulent flow. This augmentation reduces the skin friction and enables sharks to be one of the most efficient swimming species in the ocean. [16][17][18] These dragreducing microstructures are particularly interesting to the scientific community. Thus, researchers have focused on periodic microstructures aligned in the flow direction, similar to sharkskin. [19] In prior modeling and experimentation, researchers have decreased frictional drag by using different variations of linear periodic microstructures. For example, Xu et al. developed a series of linear microtrenches demonstrating a maximum drag reduction of ≈30% in high Reynolds number applications. [20] In addition, Park et al. studied the impact of grating parameters on drag reduction and demonstrated a max drag reduction of 75%. [21] Lithography is one of the standard processes for manufacturing superhydrophobic periodic microstructures. [20][21][22] Periodic micro/nanoscale structures from nature have inspired the scientific community to adopt surface design for various applications, including superhydrophobic drag reduction. One primary concern of practical applications of such periodic microstructures remains the scalability of conventional microfabrication technologies. This study demonstrates a simple template-free scalable manufacturing technique to fabricate periodic microstructures by controlling the ribbing defects in the forward roll coating. Viscoelastic composite coating materials are designed for roll-coating using carbon nanotubes (CNT) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which helps achieve a controllable ribbing with a periodicity of 114-700 µm. Depending on the process parameters, the patterned microstructures transition from the linear alignment to a random structure. The periodic microstructure enables hydrophobicity as the water contact angles of the samples ranged from 128° to 158°. When towed in a static water pool, a model boat coated with the microstructure film shows 7%-8% faster speed than the boat with a flat PDMS film. The CNT addition shows both mechanical and electrical properties improvement. In a mechanical scratch test, the cohesive failure of the CNT-PDMS film occurs in ≈90% higher force than bare PDMS. Moreover, the nonconductive bare PDMS shows sheet resistance of 747.84-22.66 Ω □ −1 with 0.5 to 2.5 wt% CNT inclusion.

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confidence: 99%

Template‐Free Scalable Fabrication of Linearly Periodic Microstructures by Controlling Ribbing Defects Phenomenon in Forward Roll Coating for Multifunctional Applications

Islam

Perera

Black

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The notion of resistance has caused a great impact on human life, using a lot of energy and resources in various applications, including ship navigation, water transportation, oil and gas pipelines, and microfluidic channels [146]. A reduced resistance can aid in increasing cruising speed and lowering fuel consumption [147,148].…”

Section: Surface Texture For Anti-drag Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Controlling the geometric characteristics of patterns has a significant influence on a surface's anti-drag properties [150][151][152][153]. Hydrophobic surfaces offer a lot of potential for reducing surface drag, especially in laminar flow [146]. Although numerical and experimental studies on anti-drag surfaces have been conducted, some limitations remain to be addressed, such as the use of a complete structure for an analysis of the drag reduction performance, superhydrophobic surfaces that can withstand high pressure, and in vivo methods for exploring the underlying mechanisms.…”

Section: Surface Texture For Anti-drag Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Methodology and Application of Surface Texture: A Review

Kouediatouka

Liu

et al. 2022

Coatings

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Surface texture is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the tribological features of industrial materials due to its outstanding benefits, such as minimization of the contact area, enhancement of the load bearing capacity, storage of the lubricant, and management of the transition between lubrication regimes. Surface texture can be processed under either liquid or gas conditions. As compared to laser ablation in air, employing liquids or other gases as ablation media provides high accuracy and uniformity by limiting the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and other undesired defects to a large extent, as well as high crater structural features. In addition, the synergistic use of different liquid, solid, and additive lubricants with surface roughness recently demonstrated excellent performance. Therefore, surface texture helps to improve the tribological characteristics of a material. This paper reviews the design methodologies and applications of surface texture, emphasizing the proper selection of the appropriate laser parameters and ambient conditions for the best texture quality and functionality. Recent texture geometric design features to improve the film thickness and the self-lubricating system are presented. The ablation environment is explored using various media. The interaction between the lubricants’ types and surface textures is explored based on the operating conditions. Furthermore, surface texture applications using superhydrophobic surfaces, anti-drag, and vibration and noise friction are discussed. We hope that this review plays an enlightening role in follow-up research on laser surface texture.

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“…Biologically activated superhydrophobic materials for reducing underwater drag have a promising future, particularly in commercial manufacture. [108] Making durable, long-lasting coatings without employing any "wet" formulas or dispersions is probably the most difficult element. To create superhydrophobic coatings, some potential solvent-free approaches have been devised, but these either required the use of fluorinated polymer nanoparticles or specially manufactured or designed substrates.…”

Section: Future Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biologically activated superhydrophobic materials for reducing underwater drag have a promising future, particularly in commercial manufacture. [ 108 ]…”

Section: Future Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication Techniques of Superhydrophobic Coatings: A Comprehensive Review

Laad

Ghule

2022

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Superhydrophobic coatings are growing in demand in textile, wearable electronics, and healthcare devices due to their nonwetting, antibacterial, anti‐icing, and self‐cleaning properties. With potential applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in consumer electronic devices, there is a huge demand to develop new materials and fabrication techniques that can help make high‐performance, scalable electronic devices directly onto the conductive and flexible substrates for a wide range of applications. Superhydrophobic materials which are highly stretchable and exhibit good electrical conductivity find applications in wearable electronics sensors, energy storage devices, anticorrosion circuits, etc. Superhydrophobicity can be achieved by creating micro/nanostructures using materials with low surface energy. In general, most of the superhydrophobic coatings are developed by making the materials’ surfaces rough by multistep procedures. However, due to the lack of excellent natural templates as well as simple and cost‐effective manufacturing procedures, a coating approach that is simple, cost‐effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly is in high demand. Finding appropriate materials, simple fabrication techniques, and cost‐effective, durable, and eco‐friendly superhydrophobic coatings for real‐life applications is still challenging. This article reviews the materials used, fabrication techniques, the theoretical background of hydrophobicity in surfaces, and the limitations of existing methods. It also reviews the superhydrophobic responses of different materials.

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Recent Developments of Superhydrophobic Surfaces (SHS) for Underwater Drag Reduction Opportunities and Challenges

Cited by 35 publications

References 178 publications

Template‐Free Scalable Fabrication of Linearly Periodic Microstructures by Controlling Ribbing Defects Phenomenon in Forward Roll Coating for Multifunctional Applications

Template‐Free Scalable Fabrication of Linearly Periodic Microstructures by Controlling Ribbing Defects Phenomenon in Forward Roll Coating for Multifunctional Applications

Design Methodology and Application of Surface Texture: A Review

Fabrication Techniques of Superhydrophobic Coatings: A Comprehensive Review

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