Recent Developments on Ethylene Dimerization with Focus on Alphabutol Optimization

Alenezi, Hamoud; Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah Wan; Manan, Zainuddin Abdul; Zaidel, D. N. A.

doi:10.35940/ijitee.j9936.0881019

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The AlphaButol process adopts a homogeneous catalyst with high activity and selectivity. [ 3 ] However, this process suffers from the shortcomings of homogeneous catalysts such as short lifetime and difficult separation. Owing to the continuous throughput and easy separation, heterogeneous catalysis is favored by industrial large‐scale production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐Highly Active Ni‐Doped MOF‐5 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Ethylene Dimerization

Chen

Meng

Alalouni

et al. 2023

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production of 1-butene mainly includes crude oil fractionation, ethylene oligomerization and ethylene dimerization. [2] Considering energy consumption and product selectivity, the AlphaButol process, as an ethylene dimerization technology, stands out among the technologies for producing 1-butene. The AlphaButol process adopts a homogeneous catalyst with high activity and selectivity. [3] However, this process suffers from the shortcomings of homogeneous catalysts such as short lifetime and difficult separation. Owing to the continuous throughput and easy separation, heterogeneous catalysis is favored by industrial large-scale production. [4][5][6] Great efforts have been made for the development of heterogeneous catalysis. [7][8][9] Solid oxides or zeolites are usually acted as support to load active species. [10][11][12] However, the aggregation of active species and the detrimental interactions between active species and solid supports usually result in the loss of activity and selectivity. In particular, the turnover frequency (TOF, moles of ethylene consumed per mole of active sites per unit time), is several orders of magnitude lower than that of homogeneous catalysts. Moreover, the tunability and optimization of activity and selectivity are difficult to achieve because of the undefined catalyst structure. Therefore, the development of solid catalysts with structure-specific active sites, showing high activity and selectivity for ethylene dimerization, is of great significance.Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a kind of crystalline porous material have attracted considering attention in heterogeneous catalysis due to their structural regularity, tunability, and porosity. [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18] Canivet et al. developed the first MOFbased catalyst (Ni@(Fe)MIL-101) for ethylene dimerization via a post-functionalization anchoring a molecular nickel complex in the ligand of the MOF structure, which showed a TOF of 20 910 moles of ethylene consumed per mole of Ni per hour, corresponding to 205 g of butene per gram of Ni@(Fe)MIL-101 per hour, at 25 °C and 50 bar. [19] Subsequently, Dinca's group reported a series of MOF Ni-MFU-4l as heterogeneous catalysts for catalyzing ethylene dimerization by a cation exchange method. Ni-MFU-4l with subunits similar to homogeneous molecular catalysts [Tp Mes Ni] + displayed good activity and selectivity (TOF ≈ 41 500 h −1 , 1-C4 ≥ 96.2% at 25 °C and 50 bar). [20,21] Very recently, we designed one kind of striking MOF Ni-ZIF by a simple one-pot synthesis method, where Ni can only be selectively anchored on the surface of the particles because of Here, an ultra-highly active Ni-MOF-5 catalyst with high Ni loading for ethylene dimerization is reported. The Ni-MOF-5 catalysts are synthesized by a facile one-pot co-precipitation method at room temperature, where Ni 2+ replaces Zn 2+ in MOF-5. Unlike Zn 2+ with tetrahedral coordination in MOF-5, Ni 2+ is coordinated with extra solvent molecules except for four-oxygen from the framework. After removing coordinated solvent molecul...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra‐Highly Active Ni‐Doped MOF‐5 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Ethylene Dimerization

Chen

Meng

Alalouni

et al. 2023

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“…As a dedicated technology, ethylene dimerization has found significant success in the global production market of 1-butene, largely because of its lower operating cost compared to other technologies based on refinery fractionation, steam cracking, and ethylene oligomerization. Currently, the commercial ethylene dimerization processes use homogeneous catalysts composed of transition-metal (e.g., Ni, Ti, and Ta) complexes. − Despite their high activity and selectivity, these homogeneous molecular catalysts have a short lifetime and are difficult to separate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Ethylene Dimerization Prepared by Selectively Doping Ni on the Surface of a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework

et al. 2021

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The production of 1-butene by ethylene dimerization is an important chemical industrial process currently implemented using homogeneous catalysts. Here, we describe a highly active heterogeneous catalyst (Ni-ZIF-8) for ethylene dimerization, which consists of isolating Ni-active sites selectively located on the crystal surface of a zeolitic imidazolate framework. Ni-ZIF-8 can be easily prepared by a simple one-pot synthesis method in which site-specific anchoring of Ni is achieved spontaneously because of the incompatibility between the d 8 electronic configuration of Ni 2+ and the three-dimensional framework of ZIF-8. The full exposure and square-planar coordination of the Ni sites accounts for the high catalytic activity of Ni-ZIF-8. It exhibits an average ethylene turnover frequency greater than 1 000 000 h −1 (1-butene selectivity >85%) at 35 °C and 50 bar, far exceeding the activities of previously reported heterogeneous catalysts and many homogeneous catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, compared to molecular Ni complexes used as homogeneous catalysts for ethylene dimerization, Ni-ZIF-8 has significantly higher stability and shows constant activity during 4 h of continuous reaction. Isotopic labeling experiments indicate that ethylene dimerization over Ni-ZIF-8 follows the Cossee-Arlman mechanism, and detailed characterizations combined with density functional theory calculations rationalize this observed high activity.

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“…The most important industrial sources of butene-1 production are crude oil refining operation, fission of four carbon (C 4 ) hydrocarbons by steam, ethylene oligomerization processes, ethylene dimerization process, separation of C 4 section output from olefin unit or butadiene unit, butene dehydrogenation, butyl alcohol dehydrogenation, pyrolysis of butyl acetate and butyl chloride [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the catalytic dimerization method of ethylene for the production of butene-1, the main goal is to produce long-chain polymers through the growth reaction of aluminum compounds [ 7 , 8 ]. In general, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems are used in this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of catalytic reaction of ethylene dimerization to butene-1 by use of DCPDS as a modifier based on response surface methodology

Bahrami Reyhan,

Alavi,

Soudbar

2023

Heliyon

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Recent Developments on Ethylene Dimerization with Focus on Alphabutol Optimization

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Ultra‐Highly Active Ni‐Doped MOF‐5 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Ethylene Dimerization

Ultra‐Highly Active Ni‐Doped MOF‐5 Heterogeneous Catalysts for Ethylene Dimerization

Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Ethylene Dimerization Prepared by Selectively Doping Ni on the Surface of a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework

Investigation of catalytic reaction of ethylene dimerization to butene-1 by use of DCPDS as a modifier based on response surface methodology

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