Recent emergence of the Arctic rabies virus lineage

Nadin-Davis, Susan A.; Sheen, Mary; Wandeler, Alexander I.

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.026

Cited by 37 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Under Indian scenario, it is clear that the spatial spread of rabies viruses is limited by geographical boundaries or topographical barriers and not by political boundaries. Similar findings on grouping of viruses based on geography was previously reported for isolates from Indian sub-continent [20][21][22]28] and also other part of the world [11,13,19]. This finding indicates that rough idea for place of origin of rabies virus can be made using G gene based sequence analysis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…But, viruses of arctic like lineage which are supposed to be originated somewhere around 1951 are presently circulating in major part of the Indian subcontinent [15,20,26]. Within Indian field isolates, geographic location wise subgrouping was prominently observed for viruses from northern (Uttar Pradesh, Delhi), western (Gujarat), and southern (Karnataka, Kerala) part of the country, which formed a distinct sub-groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

et al. 2015

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Development of a cost effective quality vaccine is a key issue in rabies control programme in developing countries. With this perspective, in the present study, challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain of rabies virus was adapted to grow in BHK-21 cells, characterized, compared with other viruses including global vaccine strains and field isolates from Indian subcontinent and China at molecular level. This cell adapted virus was evaluated for the production of cost effective veterinary vaccine. The maximum virus titre achieved was 10 7 fluorescent focus unit (FFU)/mL at 10th passage level. There was no nucleotide difference in the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes after adaptation in cell line. Phylogenetic analysis showed that adapted virus was grouped with global vaccine strains, closest being with other CVS strains but distinct from the Indian field isolates. Global vaccine strains including cell adapted CVS-11 virus have 83-87 % identity at nucleotide level of G gene with Indian field viruses. Growth kinetics of cell culture adapted virus showed that the optimum virus titer (around 10 7 FFU/mL) could be obtained at around 48 h post infection by cocultivation method using 0.1 multiplicity of infection inoculums at 37°C. These findings can be used for up scaling of vaccine production. The protective efficacy of test vaccine produced using 10 6.95 FFU/mL cell culture harvest showed 1.17 IU/mL relative potency by NIH test. Further, adapted virus was found to be suitable for use in rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

et al. 2015

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“…Viruses have evolved powerful countermeasures to inhibit STAT signaling through the activity of virus-expressed IFN antagonist proteins (38), including the phosphoprotein (P-protein) of Rabies virus (RABV) (17,44), the best-characterized member of the genus Lyssavirus. There are currently 14 viruses in this genus (8,21,26), with all characterized members documented to infect mammals (4,29), including a broad range of livestock such as cattle, sheep, and horses (34). Human infection by RABV alone is estimated to cause Ͼ55,000 deaths/year, and six other lyssavirus species have been reported to cause lethal rabies disease in humans (4,29), the incidence of which is almost certainly underreported (19,22).…”

Section: T He Principal Host Response To Viral Infection In Humans Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of a Unique Mechanism of Immune Evasion across the Lyssavirus Genus

Wiltzer

Larrous

Oksayan

et al. 2012

J Virol

133

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The evasion of host innate immunity by Rabies virus, the prototype of the genus Lyssavirus, depends on a unique mechanism of selective targeting of interferon-activated STAT proteins by the viral phosphoprotein (P-protein). However, the immune evasion strategies of other lyssaviruses, including several lethal human pathogens, are unresolved. Here, we show that this mechanism is conserved between the most distantly related members of the genus, providing important insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targeting of lyssaviruses.

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“…The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is considered to be the main vector of rabies in circumpolar Arctic although other arctic mammals may occasionally become infected (Rausch 1958;Odegaard and Krogsrud 1981;Mørk and Prestrud 2004;Nadin-Davis et al 2012). Arctic foxes have a circumpolar distribution (Angerbjörn et al 2004) and they live as opportunistic predators and scavengers in coastal as well as inland habitats (Kapel 1999;Meinke et al 2001;Pagh and Hersteinsson 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution of rabies in Arctic foxes in Greenland

et al. 2015

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The temporal occurrence, spatial distribution, spread, and prevalence of rabies in Arctic foxes, Vulpes lagopus, in Greenland were studied using historical observations from 1969 to 2011 and survey data collected in the winters 1992 and 1993. Regionally, the prevalence of rabies ranged between 0 and 7.1 %. Wavelet analysis was used to identify periodicities in the abundance of rabies cases based on the historical observations. No general length of the cyclic interval of rabies occurrences in Greenland could be demonstrated. The frequency of outbreaks was found to be variable but can be grouped as short (less than 5 years), medium (5-10 years), and long (more than 10 years). Moreover, rabies outbreaks in neighboring regions were found to be more closely correlated compared to regions further apart. In West Greenland, the temporal outbreaks of rabies were found to occur along a north-south trajectory.

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Recent emergence of the Arctic rabies virus lineage

Cited by 37 publications

References 30 publications

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

Molecular and immunogenic characterization of BHK-21 cell line adapted CVS-11 strain of rabies virus and future prospect in vaccination strategy

Conservation of a Unique Mechanism of Immune Evasion across the Lyssavirus Genus

Spatiotemporal distribution of rabies in Arctic foxes in Greenland

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