Recent fabrications and applications of cardiac patch in myocardial infarction treatment

Abstract

Myocardial infarction caused by coronary artery obstruction results in the loss of heart muscle, which is subsequently replaced by scar tissue with limited therapeutic options. Cardiac patch based therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of severe myocardial infarction. They are designed to be attached to the surface of the heart, that is, they are meant to “patch” the injured heart, thus restoring the damaged or failing myocardium locally through mechanical and regeneration support. The engineered three‐dimension cardiac patch is composed of biomaterial scaffolds with/without cells or inducible factors, which is typically manufactured by decellularize extracellular matrix, electrospinning, three‐dimension printing, hydrogels, or by stacking cell sheets. In this review, we outline the latest advances of the construction methods and beneficial effects of cardiac patches used in animal and clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases, especially in myocardial infarction. We discuss the cell souring of cell‐based patches, the types of biomolecules for cell‐free patches, and their engineering methods. In addition, the method of implanting the cardiac patch to the injured heart is also described. Finally, we briefly outlook the future challenges and probable solutions in this area.

Microneedle Patch Loaded with Exosomes Containing MicroRNA‐29b Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction

“…Currently, the approaches for preventing cardiac fibrosis after MI generally involve i) application of biomaterials (e.g., injectable hydrogels and cardiac patches), to support the infarcted tissue and reduce elevated wall stress, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and ii) delivery of antifibrotic drugs or bioactive factors to inhibit specific signaling pathways related to fibrosis (e.g., transforming growth factor-𝛽 (TGF-𝛽)-related signaling pathways that play a dominant role in myocardial fibrosis by inducing the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and promoting the production and deposition of collagens). [17][18][19][20][21] Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs that play crucial roles in regulating gene expression, have been discovered to treat fibrosis.…”

High‐Throughput Screening of Metabolic Biomarkers and Wearable Biosensors for the Quantification of Metabolites

“…[1] Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) and screening of satisfactory biomarkers are significant but challenging. [84] Screening of MI biomarkers based on MALDI were demonstrated (Figure 3a-c). Typical MS spectra of biosamples from health control (HC), myocardial infarction (MI), without myocardial infarction (non-MI), were analyzed (Figure 3b) and serum metabolic profiles revealed the heatmap analysis with the up-regulated and down-regulated biomarkers for discrimination of MI patients.…”

Conductive polymers for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration

“…The technique for repairing damaged tissue following a MI is based on the deployment of either a cell sheet or an artificial ECM cardiac patch. Currently, Skeletal myoblasts, Mesenchymal stem cells (derived from bone marrow, adenosine tissue, or umbilical cord), and induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes are primarily used for sheet‐based tissue engineering patches for the treatment of MI 75 . However, polymer‐based patches are constructed from a diverse array of synthetic, biological, and natural polymers.…”