Recent Methods for Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives and Their New Applications

Abstract

Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) and its heterocyclic derivatives are widely used as lactone scaffolds used by innovative methods for the preparation of heterocyclic molecules. Nowadays, significant biological activities, as well as properties of unique nature coumarin derivatives, have played an important role in the development of novel drugs. This chapter entitles numerous methods of one-pot construction of coumarin derivatives, together with well-known name reactions and other type reactions as well, in the presence of various metal-based homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst system. Coumarin is one of the very important heterocycles and its analogs like natural product and pharmaceutically active drug molecules are extracted/isolated from a plants, animals, and microbes. Coumarin precursors have a wide range of biological activities Hence, the synthesis of coumarins and their heterocyclic analogs have become among the most interesting compound over the last many years in the growth of improved synthetic methodologies to form different types of functional groups that are present in coumarins derivatives. The synthesis of coumarins enabled by current approaches and their most recent bio-applications are discussed in this book chapter. Corresponding complex heterocycles-based coumarin analogs are produced from substituted alkyne substrates and other starting materials as well.

Photocatalytic Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives Using Visible-Light-Responsive Strawberry Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

“…Nanomaterials 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 22 magnetic resonance (NMR) equipment, thus obtaining the 1 H-NMR and 13 C spectra. Tetramethylsilane served as the internal reference during the spectral recording.…”

“…For a visual representation of the reaction setup and the lamp sources, please refer to the Supplementary File, where a digital image is provided. Synthetic octahydroquinazolinones were analyzed using Bruker-Plus (400 MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) equipment, thus obtaining the 1 H-NMR and 13 C spectra. Tetramethylsilane served as the internal reference during the spectral recording.…”

“…To investigate further, we conducted experiments on a model reaction to study its behavior under different conditions, such as reaction time, catalyst concentration, and light intensity. We used the 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra (as shown in the Supplementary File) to record the results of these experiments, and then included them in tables. This investigation will aid in optimizing reaction conditions and designing more efficient photocatalytic systems in the future.…”

“…Traditional methods such as Pechmann condensation [12], the Perkin reaction [13], the Knoevenagel reaction [14], and microwave-assisted synthesis [15] have been employed for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. However, these methods are often associated with harsh conditions, the use of toxic reagents, and multiple synthetic steps, which limit their application and pose significant environmental concerns.…”

“…Photocatalytic synthesis under visible light may represent a sustainable and efficient approach to produce coumarin derivatives by adjusting several parameters, including the type of photocatalyst, light intensity and wavelength, and reaction time; specific coumarin derivatives can be produced with high purity and yield [22]. Furthermore, this method eliminates the need for toxic reagents and solvents, ensuring safety for both operators and the environment [13,23,24].…”