Recent Methods for the Elucidation of Lipid Structure

Klein, Roger A.; Kemp, P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2910-7_2

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 551 publications

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“…In colliders, this effect leads to a loss of the beam, due to the particle (neutron) decay of the GDR. Even worse, this effect can lead to a localized beam pipe heating in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC, as was noticed in [151]. (An even more severe process in this context, limiting the maximum luminosity that can be achieved at the LHC, is the electromagnetic process of bound-free electron pair production.)…”

Section: Some Aspects Of Electromagnetic Excitation In Relativistic Hmentioning

confidence: 92%

Electromagnetic dissociation as a tool for nuclear structure and astrophysics

Baur¹,

Typel²,

Hencken³

et al. 2001

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

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Coulomb dissociation is an especially simple and important reaction mechanism. Since the perturbation due to the electric field of the (target) nucleus is exactly known, firm conclusions can be drawn from such measurements. Electromagnetic matrixelements and astrophysical S-factors for radiative capture processes can be extracted from experiments. We describe the basic elements of the theory of nonrelativistic and relativistic electromagnetic excitation with heavy ions. This is contrasted to electromagnetic excitation with leptons (electrons), with their small electric charge and the absence of strong interactions. We discuss various approaches to the study of higher order electromagnetic effects and how these effects depend on the basic parameters of the experiment. The dissociation of neutron halo nuclei is studied in a zero range model using analytical methods. We also review ways how to treat nuclear interactions, show their characteristics and how to avoid them (as far as possible). We review the experimental results from a theoretical point of view. Of special interest for nuclear structure physics is the appearence of low lying electric dipole strength in neutron rich nuclei. Applications of Coulomb dissociation to some selected radiative capture reactions relevant for nuclear astrophysics are discussed. The Coulomb dissociation of 8 B is relevant for the solar neutrino problem. The potential of the method especially for future investigations of (medium) heavy exotic nuclei for nuclear structure and astrophysics is explored. We conclude that the Coulomb dissociation mechanism is theoretically well understood, the potential difficulties are identified and can be taken care of. Many interesting experiments have been done in this field and many more are expected in the future.

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Section: Some Aspects Of Electromagnetic Excitation In Relativistic Hmentioning

confidence: 92%

Electromagnetic dissociation as a tool for nuclear structure and astrophysics

Baur¹,

Typel²,

Hencken³

et al. 2001

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

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“…5.1 above) these two processes are the dominant loss processes for heavy ion colliders. It has only been realized recently [169], see also [92,287], that this process can also result in a localized beam-pipe heating: the atomic states are produced with a perpendicular momentum of the order of m e , which is rather small and therefore leads to a narrow singly-charged ion beam. These beams with altered magnetic rigidity will deposit their energy in a localized region of the beam pipe and cause a localized heating.…”

Section: Bound-free Pair Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interest in these (low energy) excitations at the heavy ion colliders is mainly motivated by more practical considerations: the huge cross section for electromagnetic interaction (of the order of 100's of barn) leads to beam loss and -as was only noticed very recently [169] -to a local beam pipe heating, with the possible danger of quenching of the superconducting magnets. This is due to the effect that most of the nuclear excitations (to the GDR) are followed by the emission of a few neutrons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent γγ and γA interactions in very peripheral collisions at relativistic ion colliders

et al. 2002

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Due to coherence, there are strong electromagnetic fields of short duration in very peripheral collisions. They give rise to photon-photon and photon-nucleus collisions with a high flux up to an invariant mass region hitherto unexplored experimentally. After a general survey of the field equivalent photon numbers and photon-photon luminosities, especially for relativistic heavy ion collisions, are discussed. Special care needs to be taken to include the effects of the strong interaction and nuclear size in this case. Photon-photon and photon-hadron physics at various invariant mass scales are then discussed. The maximum equivalent photon energy in the lab-system (collider frame) are typically of the order of 3 GeV for RHIC and 100 GeV for LHC. Diffractive processes are an important background process. Lepton-pair, especially electron-positron pair production is copious. Due to the strong fields there will be new phenomena, like multiple e + e − pair production. The experimental techniques to select γγ-processes are finally discussed together with important background processes.

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“…In general, the sequence of the elution of molecular species from HPLC columns, based on their ECN (Christie, 1987) (Holub & Kuksis, 1978;Klein & Kemp, 1977). In contrast, EPA of P. tricornutum UTEX 640 was concentrated mainly at the sn-1 position, particularly in MGDG and DGDG, which was also the case for Porphyra yezoensis (Araki et al, 1987).…”

Section: General Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%