Recent novel approaches to limit oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic complications

Abstract

Diabetes is considered a major burden on the healthcare system of Western and non‐Western societies with the disease reaching epidemic proportions globally. Diabetic patients are highly susceptible to developing micro‐ and macrovascular complications, which contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. Over the past decade, a plethora of research has demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation are intricately linked and significant drivers of these diabetic complications. Thus, the focus now has been towards specific mechanism‐based strategies that can target both oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways to improve the outcome of disease burden. This review will focus on the mechanisms that drive these diabetic complications and the feasibility of emerging new therapies to combat oxidative stress and inflammation in the diabetic milieu.

Secreted frizzled‐related protein 4 and its implication in obesity and type‐2 diabetes

“…This evidence of experimental effects of recombinant SFRP4 on promoting adipogenic differentiation gives insight to target SFRP4 specifically by its inhibitors to regulate adipocytes maturation from their precursors. Development of mature adipocytes from precursor cells can be controlled by these inhibitors to eradicate obesity, T2D and other related metabolic disorders with elevated SFRP4 levels . Early detection of biomarkers of β‐cell dysfunction in high risk individuals could help to target development of T2D.…”

Association of advanced oxidation protein product, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total sulfhydryl groups with retinal blood vessels caliber

“…Retinal tissue is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, is directly exposed to UV radiation and has high demand for energy, which makes it prone to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is proven in patients with DM and is also important in the development of a microvascular complication of DMT2 [3][4][5][6].…”

Endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress in immunopathology: understanding the crosstalk between cellular stress and inflammation

“…Misfolding activates cellular stress pathways including the unfolded protein response (UPR), the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a state of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and ER stress are integrally entwined states, implicated in the aetiology of many diseases, diabetes and obesity, arthritis and spondyloarthropathies, multiple forms of respiratory inflammation, inflammatory bowel diseases, infections and cancer. Consequently, there is substantial interest in therapeutic targeting of stress in a variety of disorders.…”

“…Our understanding of the crosstalk between different cellular stress pathways and inflammation is constantly evolving. Pickering et al . describe the increase in hyperglycaemia‐induced ROS is associated with increased low‐grade chronic inflammation resulting in diabetic complications such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and retinopathy.…”

“…describe the increase in hyperglycaemia‐induced ROS is associated with increased low‐grade chronic inflammation resulting in diabetic complications such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and retinopathy. They raise an interesting possibility of utilising anti‐inflammatory drugs that have dual effects – on inflammation and on oxidative stress – and that potentially a combination of the two might be an approach to improve disease outcomes in diabetic complications more effectively …”