Recent policy and technical developments in biological monitoring in the United Kingdom

Wilson, H.Kerr

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05495-8

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…2 Recently, the Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom has introduced biological monitoring guidance values for six substances. 3 The main advantages of a BLV relate to (a) its independence of the route of entry, and (b) its use in assessing an overall health risk, as monitoring of internal (systemic) exposure provides information on the result of exposure through all possible routes of entry. Disadvantages are that local eVects are not covered and only a few adequate monitoring methods based on human toxicokinetic data are available.…”

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Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

et al. 1998

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Dermal uptake of chemicals at the workplace may contribute considerably to the total internal exposure and so needs to be regulated. At present only qualitative warning signs-the "skin notations"-are available as instruments. An attempt was made to develop a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit (DOEL) complementary to respiratory occupational exposure limits (OELs). The DOEL refers to the total dose deposited on the skin during a working shift. Based on available data and experience a theoretical procedure for the assessment of a DOEL was developed. A DOEL was derived for cyclophosphamide and 4,4-methylene dianiline (MDA) according to this procedure. The DOEL for MDA was tested for applicability in an actual occupational exposure scenario. An integrated approach is recommended for situations in which both dermal and respiratory exposures contribute considerably to the internal exposure of the worker. The starting point should be an internal health based occupational exposure limit-that is, the maximum dose to be absorbed without leading to adverse systemic effects. The proposed assessment of an external DOEL is then either based on absorption rate or absorption percentage. The estimation of skin penetration seems to be of crucial importance in this concept. If for a specific substance a maximal absorption rate can be estimated a maximal skin surface area to be exposed can be assessed which may then serve the purpose of a DOEL. As long as the actual skin surface exposed is smaller than this maximal skin surface area the internal OEL will not be exceeded, and therefore, no systemic health problems would be expected, independent of the dermal dose/ unit area. If not, the DOEL may be interpreted as the product of dermal dose/ unit area (mg/cm 2 ) and exposed skin surface area (cm 2 ). The proposed concept for a DOEL is relevant and can be made applicable for health surveillance in the occupational situation where dermal exposure contributes notably to the systemic exposure. Further research should show whether this concept is more generally applicable. (Occup Environ Med 1998;55:795-804)

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Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

et al. 1998

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The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

Paustenbach¹

2001

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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Over the past 60 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OELs) for airborne contaminants (1). The limits or guidelines that have been the most widely accepted both in the United States and in most other countries are those issued annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and are termed Threshold Limit Values Ò (TLVs) (1-10).The usefulness of establishing OELs for potentially harmful agents in the working environment has been demonstrated repeatedly since their inception (3, 5, 6). It has been claimed that whenever these limits have been implemented in a particular industry, no worker has been shown to have sustained serious adverse effects on his health as a result of exposure to these concentrations of an industrial chemical (7). Although this statement is arguable with respect to the acceptability of OELs for those chemicals established before 1980, and later found to be carcinogenic, there is little doubt that millions of persons have avoided serious effects of workplace exposure due to their existence.

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Biological Effects of Acetamide, Formamide, and Their Mono and Dimethyl Derivatives: An Update

Kennedy

2001

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Recent policy and technical developments in biological monitoring in the United Kingdom

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

Biological Effects of Acetamide, Formamide, and Their Mono and Dimethyl Derivatives: An Update

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