Recent process- and catalyst-related developments in fluid catalytic cracking

Synergies between Bio‐ and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass

“…[11] This process consists of two main reaction zones as shown in Figure 2. In the first reactor, a hot particulate catalyst is contacted with the hydrocarbon VGO feedstock, thereby producing cracked products and the coked catalyst.…”

“…an olefin). [11] The concentration of naphthene is low when only biomass-derived products are fed to a FCC unit, so another hydrogen source is required if products with an enriched H/C eff ratio are desired. Hydrogen transfer could occur from coke species to other dehydrated species, while the coke forms a graphitic dehydrogenated species.…”

“…FCC gives products with a higher hydrogen content than the feed by removing carbon that remains on the catalyst and burning it off in the regenerator to produce process heat. [11] On the other hand, hydrotreating-hydrocracking produces liquid fuels with a much higher hydrogen content than the feed by hydrogenation. [12] Hydrotreating is also used in the refinery to remove sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen from the feed.…”

Synergien zwischen Bio‐ und Ölraffinerien bei der Herstellung von Biomassetreibstoffen

“…Benzinraffinerien können auf dreierlei Weise genutzt werden, um Einsatzstoffe aus Biomasse zu Treibstoffen und Chemikalien umzusetzen: Durch 1) das FCCVerfahren (fluid catalytic cracking), 2) Hydrotreating-Hydrocracken und 3) und im Regenerator unter Erzeugung von Prozesswärme verbrannt wird. [11] Dagegen entstehen beim HydrotreatingHydrocracken durch Hydrierung flüssige Treibstoffe mit viel höherem Wasserstoffgehalt als der Einsatzstoff. [12] Das Hydrotreating dient im Raffinierprozess auch zum Entfernen von Schwefel, Stickstoff und Sauerstoff aus dem Einsatzstoff.…”

Guest Editorial: Paving the Way to New Energy Systems: The Key Role of the Chemical Sciences

“…However, it was soon found that this class of materials also provided excellent catalysts for the petrochemical industry, and it is estimated that the introduction of zeolite cracking catalysts, instead of the previously used amorphous alumosilicates, alone has led to savings of 400 million barrels of crude oil per year. [3] Thus, a scientific discovery was quickly converted into one of the most important energy technologies today. Such technology development needs a broad foundation of chemistry research.…”