Recent progress and challenges of organometal halide perovskite solar cells

Abstract

We review recent progress in the development of organometal halide perovskite solar cells. We discuss different compounds used to construct perovskite photoactive layers, as well as the optoelectronic properties of this system. The factors that affect the morphology of the perovskite active layer are explored, e.g. material composition, film deposition methods, casting solvent and various post-treatments. Different strategies are reviewed that have recently emerged to prepare high performing perovskite films, creating polycrystalline films having either large or small grain size. Devices that are constructed using meso-superstructured and planar architectures are summarized and the impact of the fabrication process on operational efficiency is discussed. Finally, important research challenges (hysteresis, thermal and moisture instability, mechanical flexibility, as well as the development of lead-free materials) in the development of perovskite solar cells are outlined and their potential solutions are discussed.

The Emergence of the Mixed Perovskites and Their Applications as Solar Cells

“…Compared to their oxide counterparts, the less negative charge and larger ionic size of halides only allows for B site metal cations to be selected from a few elements, including the alkaline earth, [31] bivalent rare earths, [32] and group 14 elements (Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ ). [33,34] 6 ] 4− octahedra. Reproduced with permission.…”

Fabrication of Photovoltaic Textiles

“…These are organic-inorganic halides in a dye-sensitized device, initially methylammonium lead iodide with a liquid iodine-based electrolyte and around 3% efficiency, but now attaining 20% for all-solid-state versions (and around 15% for flexible versions). As they use a liquid coating technique, they are suitable for low cost, large area fabrication, but require a lead-free composition and improved stability before commercial acceptance [11,12]. Already low temperature liquid processed, stable, cells have been produced that might be appropriate for application to textiles [13].…”

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“…Although solution processed fabrication is easy, vacuum deposition technique gives better results by giving uniform and crystalline layer of perovskite throughout by removing any possibility of pin holes [22,23] . In this, precursor salts were evaporated simultaneously from separate sources as shown in Figure 2c under high vacuum leading to form uniform layer of perovskite instantly after evaporation [24,25,26] In solution processed devices, pin holes formation hampers device performance, while in sequential solution processed devices, greater roughness instigates perovskite film to peel off from substrate and high temperature and vacuum cannot withstand in vacuum deposition technique. So, vapor-assisted solution process (VASP) technique (shown in Figure 2d) was introduced to fabricate perovskite thin films.…”