Recent progress and challenges with 3D printing of patterned hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces

Jafari, Reza; Cloutier, Come; Allahdini, Anahita; Momen, Gelareh

doi:10.1007/s00170-019-03630-4

Cited by 74 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…It creates 3D structures by solidifying the liquid‐state resin using heat or light, and the geometry of these structures is predetermined to fit desired applications, even forming rather complex architectures with the desired wettability. [ 58–61 ] It is advantageous to construct heterogeneous wettability surfaces through altering the distribution and orientation of the fabricated microstructures ( Figure a). Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials are suitable for the additive manufacturing process, and a further surface modification process can also be utilized for specific functionalities.…”

Section: Construction Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Wettability Surfaces: Principle, Construction, and Applications

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

Small Structures

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Surface wettability plays a vital role in liquid-solid-gas systems and has elicited increasing research interest in numerous fields, including self-cleaning, optics and electronics, sensing and detection, heat management, and microfluidics. [1-5] For example, superhydrophobic surfaces, such as the lotus leaf, show minimized adhesion force to water. Water droplets can freely roll off this type of surface and remove dust, granting the surface with a self-cleaning property. [6,7] By comparison, a water drop placed on a hydrophilic surface forms a liquid puddle, with the solutes in the liquid finally deposited on the surface after drying. This is the fundamental mechanism for various printing and lithography techniques for material deposition. [8-10] However, these uniform surfaces fail to meet the rigorous requirements in complex conditions, such as high-resolution functional material patterning and enrichment for parallel detection. Alternatively, heterogeneous wettability substrates with rationally designed water-repellent and water-loving properties can be utilized to satisfy these fastidious requirements. Different regions on such surfaces have distinct wettability, thus exhibiting excellent capability in precisely regulating the solid-liquid interactions. A representative example is the splendid water manipulation of the desert beetle, Stenocara, using the heterogeneous wettability strategy to collect and transport water for survival in the Namib Desert, which is one of the driest places in the world. The hydrophilic bumps distributed on the hydrophobic back of the beetle can capture fog in the moist morning and condensate it into large water droplets. Then, the hydrophobic region serves as a pathway to guide the water droplets rolling to its mouth. [11] This idea has greatly inspired the design and utilization of heterogeneous wettability for various applications. Generally, the terms "hydrophilic" and "hydrophobic" are used to describe the state of a solid surface when contacting with water. If the water droplet contact angle is larger than 90 , the surface is hydrophobic; otherwise the surface is hydrophilic. However, when relating to dynamic liquid manipulation on solid surfaces, the key factor is the solid-liquid adhesion force instead of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. For example, when a water droplet impacts on a hydrophobic and high-adhesive surface equipped with a hydrophilic and low-adhesive stripe, it can be split into two subdrops, which is direct evidence for the solid-liquid adhesion force dominating the liquid's dynamic behavior. [12] Although in many cases, the solid-liquid adhesion force decreases with enhancement of hydrophobicity, for example, the adhesion force on a superhydrophobic surface is much smaller than that on a hydrophilic surface, there exist exceptions, such as a hydrophilic surface having a smaller adhesion force than a hydrophobic surface. [13] Therefore, in these cases the heterogeneous wettability mainly indicates the nonuniformity in the adhesion force. Levkin and cowork...

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Section: Construction Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Wettability Surfaces: Principle, Construction, and Applications

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

Small Structures

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“…[ 59 , 60 ] With the development of science and technology, many advanced methods have been put forward to prepare materials especially biomaterials with specific wettability such as superwetting materials and SLIPS. [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ,…”

Section: Fabrication Of Biomaterials With Specific Wettabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among various physical methods, 3D printing is an emerging and revolutionary technology with the advantages of efficiency, controllability, and no need of complex procedure, which has attracted great interest and research in academia, industry and other areas since its appearance. [ 61 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ] With the progress of manufacturing, 3D printing has been applicable for fabricating wettability surfaces with nanoscale features by laser polymerization, [ 65 , 66 , 67 ] which is also called direct laser writing or two‐photon laser writing. Based on 3D printing, wettability surfaces with different patterns such as pillar structure, [ 68 ] eggbeater‐like structure, [ 61 ] and spine structure [ 69 ] have been developed and demonstrated superwetting performance.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Biomaterials With Specific Wettabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Materials with Specific Wettability in Biomedical Engineering

et al. 2021

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As a fundamental feature of solid surfaces, wettability is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life. Benefitting from the inspiration of biological paradigms and the development in manufacturing technology, numerous wettability materials with elaborately designed surface topology and chemical compositions have been fabricated. Based on these advances, wettability materials have found broad technological implications in various fields ranging from academy, industry, agriculture to biomedical engineering. Among them, the practical applications of wettability materials in biomedical-related fields are receiving remarkable researches during the past decades because of the increasing attention to healthcare. In this review, the research progress of materials with specific wettability is discussed. After briefly introducing the underlying mechanisms, the fabrication strategies of artificial materials with specific wettability are described. The emphasis is put on the application progress of wettability biomaterials in biomedical engineering. The prospects for the future trend of wettability materials are also presented.

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“…Besides, commonly used advanced lithography methods (e.g., deep reactive ion etching [ 23 ], thermal reflow [ 24 ], inclined UV lithography [ 25 ], and focused ion beam [ 6 , 26 ]) to achieve these 3D shapes also suffer from limitations as they are equipment-/environment-demanding, expensive, and low-throughput. Recent additive manufacturing techniques (e.g., Inkjet printing [ 27 , 28 ] and direct laser writing [ 29 ]) for manufacturing 3D MSAs also face challenges such as nonuniformity, nozzle clogging (that affects the reproducibility of the prints), material choice limitation, complex operation, and low surface finish [ 28 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Tapered 3D Microstructure Arrays Using Dual-Exposure Lithography (DEL)

2020

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Three-dimensional (3D) microstructure arrays (MSAs) have been widely used in material science and biomedical applications by providing superhydrophobic surfaces, cell-interactive topography, and optical diffraction. These properties are tunable through the engineering of microstructure shapes, dimensions, tapering, and aspect ratios. However, the current fabrication methods are often too complex, expensive, or low-throughput. Here, we present a cost-effective approach to fabricating tapered 3D MSAs using dual-exposure lithography (DEL) and soft lithography. DEL used a strip-patterned film mask to expose the SU-8 photoresist twice. The mask was re-oriented between exposures (90° or 45°), forming an array of dual-exposed areas. The intensity distribution from both exposures overlapped and created an array of 3D overcut micro-pockets in the unexposed regions. These micro-pockets were replicated to DEL-MSAs in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The shape and dimension of DEL-MSAs were tuned by varying the DEL parameters (e.g., exposure energy, inter-exposure wait time, and the photomask re-orientation angle). Further, we characterized various properties of our DEL-MSAs and studied the impact of their shape and dimension. All DEL-MSAs showed optical diffraction capability and increased hydrophobicity compared to plain PDMS surface. The hydrophobicity and diffraction angles were tunable based on the MSA shape and aspect ratio. Among the five MSAs fabricated, the two tallest DEL-MSAs demonstrated superhydrophobicity (contact angles >150°). Further, these tallest structures also demonstrated patterning proteins (with ~6–7 μm resolution), and mammalian cells, through microcontact printing and direct culturing, respectively. Our DEL method is simple, scalable, and cost-effective to fabricate structure-tunable microstructures for anti-wetting, optical-, and bio-applications.

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Recent progress and challenges with 3D printing of patterned hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces

Cited by 74 publications

References 73 publications

Heterogeneous Wettability Surfaces: Principle, Construction, and Applications

Heterogeneous Wettability Surfaces: Principle, Construction, and Applications

Tailoring Materials with Specific Wettability in Biomedical Engineering

Fabrication of Tapered 3D Microstructure Arrays Using Dual-Exposure Lithography (DEL)

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