Recent progress and prospects of pitch-based carbon anodes for alkali metal-ion (Li/Na/K) batteries

Carbon–based Materials for Li‐ion Battery

“…These carbons in the low-strain region are responsible for the high electronic conductivity of soft carbon. [11,[114][115][116] Therefore, as an anode material for LIBs, soft carbon exhibits an excellent rate of performance. [117][118][119] Recently, A. Pendashteh et al [112] proposed a facile strategy to synthesize SC with reduced particle size by performing the mechanical treatment (ball milling) during the intermediate stage of the pyrolysis, showing better electrochemical performance (in terms of improved ICE, high energy and power density) compared to the SC synthesized by the traditional route (Figure 4a).…”

“…The disordered area in soft carbon is the high‐strain region, whereas the graphitic region with higher‐order crystallinity is the low‐strain region. These carbons in the low‐strain region are responsible for the high electronic conductivity of soft carbon [11,114–116] . Therefore, as an anode material for LIBs, soft carbon exhibits an excellent rate of performance [117–119] .…”

“…Compared to other anode materials such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, polymers, etc., carbon-based electrode materials have high thermodynamic and electrochemical stability and are highly abundant and costeffective. [7][8][9][10][11] Scheme 1 illustrates the significant advancements in carbon-based anode materials in LIBs. The first commercialized secondary LIBs introduced by Sony in 1991 used layered electrode materials such as soft carbon (petroleum coke) and LiCoO 2 as the anode and cathode, respectively, and the faradaic reaction here is due to the intercalation of Li-ions.…”

“…In the search for anode materials, carbon–based materials seem to be more beneficial and have been commercially viable in the past couple of decades. Compared to other anode materials such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, polymers, etc., carbon–based electrode materials have high thermodynamic and electrochemical stability and are highly abundant and cost‐effective [7–11] . Scheme 1 illustrates the significant advancements in carbon–based anode materials in LIBs.…”

Role of iron oxide in retarding the graphitization of de-oiled asphaltenes for amorphous carbon

“…24,25 In order to solve this problem, there is a growing body of literature on modification strategies for pitch-based carbon materials. 26,27 Wei et al obtained N-doped porous carbon nanosheets (NPCS) using a NaCl/KCl mixture as a template after heat treatment under NH 3 /Ar mixed gas. NPCS could deliver a high reversible capacity of 313.6 mA h g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 for SIBs.…”