“…This, combined with in vitro experiments using tumor spheroids, sandwich culture, etc., and high power confocal or multiphoton laser microscopy that enables tracking of individual cells in space and time, has brought about the possibility of modeling single-cell-scale phenomena and then using the techniques of upscaling to obtain information about the large-scale phenomena of tumor growth. There are several upscaling techniques; the most popular ones are cellular automata [31,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132], lattice Boltzmann methods [9,133], agent-based [129,134], extended Potts [135], and the stochastic (Markov chain combined with Fokker-Planck equations) approach [97,134,136,137,138]. As in the case of phase-averaged continuum models discussed in the previous section, the main difficulty with the discrete cell-based models lies in their parameterization, and thus these models are more appropriate for giving qualitative insights, instead of detailed quantitative predictions.…”