Recent Progress in Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors and Theranostic Nanomedicine for Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most expensive and common malignancies in the urinary system due to its high progression and recurrence rate. Although there are various methods, including cystoscopy, biopsy, and cytology, that have become the standard diagnosis methods for BCa, their intrinsic invasive and inaccurate properties need to be overcome. The novel urine cancer biomarkers are assisted by nanomaterials-based biosensors, such as field-effect transistors (FETs) with high sensitivity and specificity, which may provide solutions to these problems. In addition, nanomaterials can be applied for the advancement of next-generation optical imaging techniques and the contrast agents of conventional techniques; for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of BCa. Regarding BCa therapy, nanocarriers, including mucoadhesive nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles, successfully overcome the disadvantages of conventional intravesical instillation and improve the efficacy and safety of intravesical chemotherapy for BCa. Aside from chemotherapy, nanomedicine-based novel therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and combination therapy, have afforded us new ways to provide BC therapy and hope, which can be translated into the clinic. In addition, nanomotors and the nanomaterials-based solid tumor disassociation strategy provide new ideas for future research. Here, the advances in BCa diagnosis and therapy mentioned above are reviewed in this paper.

Advances in nanocomposites-based electrochemical biosensors for the early diagnosis of breast cancer

“…Nanomaterials are used for sensor surface functionalization, and modification to add certain important electrochemical features including the increase in the electric conductivity, electro-catalytic activity, and support the direct fast electron transfer (Hussein et al, 2023;Duraia et al, 2024). In addition to those electrochemical features, nanomaterials are also used to expand the active surface area of the sensor surface allowing effective loading of bio-recognition elements, supporting the chemical and physical immobilization of the sensing materials, and increasing the sensor life time and signal stability (Ahirwar, 2021;Barhoum et al, 2023;Song et al, 2023). Therefore, in the next subsections, the important roles of nanomaterials and nanocomposites on the performance of different bio-sensing approaches will be intensively discussed.…”

Emerging Opportunities and Challenges of Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine

“…NPs have emerged as a useful tool in a variety of applications in nanomedicine, including imaging and biosensing [81]. NPs possess distinct biophysical properties that enable contrast enhancement in biomedical imaging, and their customization at the molecular level allows for tissue-specific diagnosis.…”

Complex electrochemiluminescence patterns shaped by hydrodynamics at a rotating bipolar electrode

“…ECL has been known for decades but has evolved progressively from a purely academic experimental curiosity to a variety of well-established applications in multi-analysis detection, imaging, bioanalysis and sensing. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Although ECL emission can be triggered by classic electrochemical methods, a direct electric connection is indeed required in order to impose the potential at the working electrode, thus wireless approaches are highly desired. In this context, bipolar electrochemistry (BE) is an interesting alternative to generate localized ECL on the surface of conducting objects.…”