“…Photons in the near infrared II region (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) have shown a lot of promise in biomedical applications and clinical translation such as precise intraoperative tumor resection. − This is because compared to the NIR-I region (NIR-I, 700–1000 nm), NIR-II photons have low scattering, deep tissue penetration, and high imaging resolution. , In the solar spectrum, more than 15% of photons are located in the NIR-II region . However, these NIR-II photons with low energy are unfavorable for photon harvesting and transformation. , Photon upconversion is the conversion of low-energy photons (long wavelengths) into high-energy photons (short wavelengths), which provides crucial insights into the use of NIR-II photons. , For instance, in conjunction with photon upconversion, it is possible to surpass the Shockley Queisser limit and increase the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of single-junction solar cells. ,, Thus, the development of efficient NIR-II to visible photon upconversion has consistently been prioritized as an outstanding objective in optics, photocatalysis, and biophotonics.…”