Recent progress in the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease: Rapid field-based assays

Abstract

The rapid and accurate diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is critical for effective disease control. Most of laboratory-based methods can provide objective results within a few hours of sample receipt. However, the time taken to transport suspect material to the laboratory can be unacceptably long, often precluding laboratory confirmation in the event of an outbreak. Therefore, rapid and easy-to-perform tests, which can be used in the field (on-site) in case of a suspected disease outbreak, would be a valuable tool for veterinarians in the initial diagnosis of FMDV. The lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFI) test has been efficiently used for the detection of specific antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins. FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia 1, SAT 2 and non-serotype-specific FMDV. Recently, several FMD-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays have been transferred to portable mobile platforms and evaluated for the detection of FMDV in the field: the Cepheid SmartCycler Real-time PCR machine, Enigma FL and LightCycler Nano System. The BioSeeq-Vet (Smiths Detection) was the first commercially available truly portable PCR instrument for the detection of viral RNA in the field. Additionally, a new portable amplification platform Genie I for the on-site detection of viral RNA by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) has also been developed and evaluated. Infrared thermography (IRT), a quantitative method for the assessment of body surface temperature, may also be a useful tool for the early detection of FMDV in the field. In the absence of overt clinical signs, the IRT rapid screening test, which measures heat emission, can be essential in selecting potentially infected animals. Microarrays, a recently introduced technology for the laboratory diagnosis of FMD, offers greater screening capabilities for FMDV detection and can be regarded as an alternative to classical diagnostic methods.

Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature

“…Biosensors for the detection of some key diseases of economic importance have been developed. Some of these include biosensors for the diagnosis of the BHV-1 (Bovine Herpes Virus-1) viral protein, the major viral pathogen of bovine respiratory disease, FMD virus, and for the detection of the H7 and H78 strains of avian influenza ( 101–104 ). Neitzel et al ( 105 ) have developed an indirect on-line sensor system based on the automated California Mastitis Test in milk.…”

Occurrence and diagnosis of swine vesicular disease: past and present status

“…This poses a significant burden for trade in pigs, and thus the disease, though mild from the clinical point of view, causes severe economic losses for the producers. Improvements in the diagnostic techniques are making the differential diagnosis of the vesicular disease increasingly affordable, feasible and easy, and nowadays, portable devices are capable of a rapid and accurate differentiation of SVDV from FMDV infections on site (22). As these tests become economical and as competent laboratory services become more and more accessible, the constraints originally imposed on SVD because of its similarity to FMD will no longer be justified.…”

Recent Advancement in Biosensors Technology for Animal and Livestock Health Management

“…Several biosensors have been developed recently to provide portable systems for the diagnosis of FMDV. These have been reviewed extensively by Niedbalski (Niedbalski, 2016). The systems developed include lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFI) for the detection of antibodies against FMDV proteins (Yang et al, 2015; Yang et al, 2013) to detect FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia 1, SAT 2 and non-serotype-specific FMDV.…”