Recent Progress of Exosome Isolation and Peptide Recognition-Guided Strategies for Exosome Research

Abstract

Exosomes are membrane extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of cells, which are rich in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As a medium of intercellular communication, exosomes play important roles in biological processes and are closely related to the occurrence, and development of many diseases. The isolation of exosomes and downstream analyses can provide important information to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, exosomes are various in a size range from 30 to 200 nm and exist in complex bio-systems, which provide significant challenges for the isolation and enrichment of exosomes. Different methods have been developed to isolate exosomes, such as the “gold-standard” ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and polymer precipitation. In order to improve the selectivity of isolation, affinity capture strategies based on molecular recognition are becoming attractive. In this review, we introduced the main strategies for exosome isolation and enrichment, and compared their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, combined with the excellent performance of targeted peptides, we summarized the application of peptide recognition in exosome isolation and engineering modification.

Non-competitive fluorescence polarization immunosensing for CD9 detection using a peptide as a tracer

“…32 In the future, we expect that the sensitivity of this method will be increased by synthesizing peptides with higher affinity. 33 In this study, the measurement of the high concentration region of CD9 was not done in consideration of reagent consumption and cost, but we could estimate it. Assuming that the shape of the tracer is spherical, we can express the P value by the following equation: 19,20,34 where M W is the molecular weight, P 0 is the polarization without rotation diffusion, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, τ is the fluorescence lifetime of the fluorophore, η is the medium viscosity, V is the partial specific volume, and h is the degree of hydration.…”

Microfluidic Platforms for the Isolation and Detection of Exosomes: A Brief Review

“…Therefore researchers have recently started integrating different methods based on the physical properties of exosomes with the design of the microfluidic device. Thus, microfluidics-based isolation techniques have developed and evolved over the years [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. The following sections will discuss some of the most interesting methods mostly based on the immunoaffinity approaches.…”

Noncoding RNome as Enabling Biomarkers for Precision Health

“…This is largely attributed to similar biophysical properties shared by exosomes and virus particles [ 71 ]. Various other exosome isolation technologies have also been developed (reviewed in [ 72 ]) and their advantages and disadvantages have been comprehensively reviewed [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”