Recent progress of utilization of activated kaolinitic clay in cementitious construction materials

Cao, Yubin; Wang, Yanru; Zhang, Zuhua; Ma, Yuwei; Wang, Hao

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108636

Cited by 103 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…However, the setting modifications are different for the two. As for most kaolinitic materials that have the ability to absorb water and poor pozzolanic reactivity at an early age [ 18 , 39 , 40 ], the usage of calcined clays can modify the chemical equilibria and delay the hydration rate due to the lower fraction of hydrating clinker, thus delaying portlandite precipitation and the subsequent setting [ 40 , 41 ]. In the case of KL, a limestone addition reduced the initial setting time by 20 min compared to calcined clays (KCs).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As more gypsum (SO 3 ) is left in the solution due to the formation of carboaluminate instead of ettringite, the rate of C 3 A dissolution is decreased, and the retardation of hydration reactions and setting is achieved [ 45 , 46 ]. In previous studies, it has been reported that the partial replacement of OPC by the limestone and metakaolinite (Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 ), present in calcined clays, may induce further hydration reaction [ 9 , 39 ]. The presence of limestone in the binder causes a significant reactivity with the calcium aluminates present in both the calcined clays and clinker and with portlandite to form aluminate hydrate phases during the early stage [ 39 , 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, it has been reported that the partial replacement of OPC by the limestone and metakaolinite (Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 ), present in calcined clays, may induce further hydration reaction [ 9 , 39 ]. The presence of limestone in the binder causes a significant reactivity with the calcium aluminates present in both the calcined clays and clinker and with portlandite to form aluminate hydrate phases during the early stage [ 39 , 47 ]. The synergy of the blend components appeared to have a significant effect on the fresh state behavior of LC 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The synergy of the blend components appeared to have a significant effect on the fresh state behavior of LC 3 . However, other aspects such as substitution fraction, filler effect, and the metakaolin-to-portlandite ratio can equally contribute [ 16 , 39 , 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fresh View on Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Pastes

Ez-zaki

Marangu

Bellotto³

et al. 2021

Materials

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In this work, the factors controlling the fresh state properties of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) are assessed and compared to Portland and binary cements, extending the scope of previous research by combining rheological measurements with setting time determination and the evaluation of plastic shrinkage by a novel method. Yield stress and elastic modulus are considered indicators for the structural build-up/breakdown process when stress is applied to the system. On the other hand, plastic shrinkage occurs from the mixing to the setting of fresh paste and plays an important role in governing microstructural changes due to settlement and evaporation. Evaluation of the rheological properties with time was appropriate to give an overview of the influence and behavior of different added materials. The elastic modulus of all binders (clinker, LC3, clinker–limestone, and clinker–calcined clay) was increased from mixing to 60 min of curing as follows: 5.27 × 103 to 9.50 × 105 Pa, 5.94 × 103 to 9.87 × 105 Pa, 6.89 × 103 to 5.62 × 105 Pa and 7.85 × 103 to 1.27 × 106 Pa, respectively. Moreover, during the first three hours of curing, LC3 exhibited a reduction of plastic shrinkage by more than a factor of 2 compared to clinker cement. The use of calcined clay with clinker increases the elastic modulus of the system due to the flocculation effect and increased water absorption, while a dilution effect is contributed due to deflocculation and a free-water increase in the system when a high fraction of limestone is present in the binary cement. The combination of limestone and calcined clay with clinker can induce additional chemical reactions, which control the early age properties, such as plastic shrinkage. The obtained results can contribute to optimizing the fresh state properties of ternary blends of OPC, calcined clay, and limestone through a knowledge-based approach.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Fresh View on Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Pastes

Ez-zaki

Marangu

Bellotto³

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…This process is most often carried out in furnaces or reactors in controlled atmospheres at temperatures in a range of 550–1150 °C. The increase in temperature affecting the clay raw materials causes the following reactions to occur: dehydration, dehydroxylation, and the synthesis of new crystalline phases within the formed forms [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In the process of drainage, there is a loss of water and the combustion of organic substances, in which the process deviates from the ambient temperature by up to 200 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcination of Clay Raw Materials in a Fluidized Bed

2021

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Clay raw materials are diverse in terms of their mineral composition, as well as the content of colouring oxides and their physical properties. Determining the suitability of raw materials for various purposes requires comprehensive studies on their properties, as well as their appropriate correction, which is possible through the use of appropriate modification techniques. One of the most commonly used technologies for the enrichment of clay raw materials is to subject them to high temperatures, which, depending on the temperature regime used in the technological process, may cause the decomposition and removal of some addditional components (e.g., carbonates), as well as the removal of water and dehydroxylation of clay minerals, reversible structural changes, and the complete and permanent reconstruction of the mineral phases. This paper presents a new application for fluidization technology in the calcination of clay raw materials. The results of the experiment show that the fluidization method is competitive compared to the technologies that have been used so far, as a result of, inter alia, the much shorter time period required to carry out the calcination process and, consequently, the much lower energy expenditure, the high efficiency of burning coal, and the lower CO2 emissions resulting from the mixing taking place in the reactor.

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Shear design and life cycle assessment of novel limestone calcined clay cement reinforced concrete beams

Huang

Deng

Zhao

et al. 2023

Structural Concrete

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To reduce the impact on global warming, many countries and regions are advocating the use of low‐carbon and green supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to improve the cement industry. This study investigates the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams made with a novel green concrete, limestone, calcined clay, and cement clinker (LC3). Full‐scale shear tests were conducted on RC and LC3‐RC beams to evaluate their fundamental behavior for structural applications. The shear resistance of LC3 concrete beams was evaluated using Chinese, American, and Eurocode codes, while carbon emission and environmental impact were analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Results showed that LC3‐RC and RC beams exhibited similar shear behavior in terms of crack initiation, propagation, and development. The increase in concrete strength improved the stiffness of LC3‐RC specimens, while RC specimens remained unchanged. The ductility of RC specimens was inversely proportional to concrete strength, while LC3‐RC beams exhibited optimal ductility. The increase in stirrup ratio significantly improved the shear resistance of both LC3‐RC and RC beams. With increased shear‐span ratio, the failure mode of LC3 specimens improved, changing from diagonal‐compression to shear compression or diagonal tension failure. The shear resistance of both LC3‐RC and RC beams was underestimated by GB 50010‐2010, ACI 318‐19, and Eurocode 2. LC3 concrete significantly reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions and achieved favorable environmental benefits in terms of GWP, PMFP, POFP, TAP, and TETP. Increasing usage of limestone in LC3 may further decrease environmental potential without sacrificing mechanical properties. The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly structures in engineering.

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Recent progress of utilization of activated kaolinitic clay in cementitious construction materials

Cited by 103 publications

References 126 publications

A Fresh View on Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Pastes

A Fresh View on Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Pastes

Calcination of Clay Raw Materials in a Fluidized Bed

Shear design and life cycle assessment of novel limestone calcined clay cement reinforced concrete beams

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