Recent progress on germanium-based anodes for lithium ion batteries: Efficient lithiation strategies and mechanisms

Liu, Xin; Wu, Xueyan; Chang, Baobao; Wang, Kai‐Xue

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.010

Cited by 104 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Most commercial LIBs employ carbonaceous anodes, which provide low reversible capacities (372 mA h g −1 for graphite) due to the formation of LiC 6 , and thus there is a demand for an alternative anode material with a higher energy density and longer life cycles, such as Ge nanowires [ 249 , 250 , 251 ]. Albeit the high cost of Ge compared to the rest of the group IV elements, the exceptional diffusivity of Li ions in Ge (6.51 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 at room temperature which is 400-fold faster than Si [ 252 ], a value estimated from the value obtained by Fuller and Severiens of germanium diffusivity at 360 °C of 2.14 × 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 by using the empirical equation for the diffusion coefficient) [ 253 ], its high theoretical specific capacity (1624 mA h g −1 ) [ 254 ], high volumetric capacity (7360 mA h cm −3 ) [ 254 ] and high electrical conductivity (100-fold higher than Si) [ 255 ] make it a potential material for replacing carbon as an anode material.…”

Section: Potential Applications Of Self-seeded Germanium Nanowiresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

2021

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Ge nanowires are playing a big role in the development of new functional microelectronic modules, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistor devices, on-chip lasers and photodetectors. The widely used three-phase bottom-up growth method utilising a foreign catalyst metal or metalloid is by far the most popular for Ge nanowire growth. However, to fully utilise the potential of Ge nanowires, it is important to explore and understand alternative and functional growth paradigms such as self-seeded nanowire growth, where nanowire growth is usually directed by the in situ-formed catalysts of the growth material, i.e., Ge in this case. Additionally, it is important to understand how the self-seeded nanowires can benefit the device application of nanomaterials as the additional metal seeding can influence electron and phonon transport, and the electronic band structure in the nanomaterials. Here, we review recent advances in the growth and application of self-seeded Ge and Ge-based binary alloy (GeSn) nanowires. Different fabrication methods for growing self-seeded Ge nanowires are delineated and correlated with metal seeded growth. This review also highlights the requirement and advantage of self-seeded growth approach for Ge nanomaterials in the potential applications in energy storage and nanoelectronic devices.

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Section: Potential Applications Of Self-seeded Germanium Nanowiresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

2021

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“…[32] The Zn 2 GeO 4 crystal structure remains unchanged with Mn 2 + doping, which shows that the effect of Mn 2 + on the crystal structure of Zn 2 GeO 4 is uninfluential. [33] Mn 2 + may enter the Zn 2 GeO 4 host lattice and occupy two positions: Zn and interstitial in xMn nanocrystals for prepared Zn 2 GeO 4 . This will take over in the following section.…”

Section: Controllable Synthesis Of Mn 2 + -Doped Zn 2 Geo 4 Nanorodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Zn₂GeO₄ : Mn²⁺ Nanorod Phosphors

et al. 2021

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In this study, color tunable phosphors (Mn 2 + -doped Zn 2 GeO 4 ) were successfully synthesized by a facile microwave hydrothermal process with H 2 O as solvent. Crystal field modulation and band gap doping by Mn 2 + substitution for Zn 2 + realizes color tunable Mn 2 + emission from 424 to 535 nm. Mn 2 + -doping on the phase and size transition of Zn 2 GeO 4 nanocrystals was discussed, and a possible Zn 2 GeO 4 : xMn crystal growth mechanism is discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that the d-d transition of manganese ions ( 4 T 1 ! 6 A 1 ) corresponds to a strong green emission of Zn 2 GeO 4 : xMn phosphors.

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“…Germanium has important advantages over Si: A better electronic conductivity (2.1 S cm −1 ) and higher Li-ion diffusivity (6.5 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 ), and a huge theoretical capacity of 1624 mAh g −1 ; since it can be lithiated to Li 15 [138]. In addition, the dilatation/contraction of the lattice upon lithiation/delithiation is isotropic (~260% volume change) so that the particles avoid cracking even at a high C-rate and big particles 620 nm in size, which result in remarkable rate capability of Ge [139].…”

Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Sehrawat

Abid

Islam

et al. 2020

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Presently, the negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are constituted by carbon-based materials, which exhibit a limited specific capacity 372 mAh g−1 associated with the cycle in the composition between C and LiC6. Therefore, many efforts are currently made towards the technological development of nanostructured graphene materials because of their extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties. Recent progress on advanced hybrids based on graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has demonstrated the synergistic effects between graphene and an electroactive material (silicon, germanium, metal oxides (MOx)) as electrode for electrochemical devices. In this review, attention is focused on advanced materials based on GO and rGO and their composites used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

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Recent progress on germanium-based anodes for lithium ion batteries: Efficient lithiation strategies and mechanisms

Cited by 104 publications

References 176 publications

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

Controllable Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Zn₂GeO₄ : Mn²⁺ Nanorod Phosphors

Nanostructured Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Recent progress on germanium-based anodes for lithium ion batteries: Efficient lithiation strategies and mechanisms

Cited by 104 publications

References 176 publications

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications

Controllable Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Zn2GeO4 : Mn2+ Nanorod Phosphors

Nanostructured Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Controllable Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Zn₂GeO₄ : Mn²⁺ Nanorod Phosphors