Recent Progress on the Preparation of Cyclomatrix‐Polyphosphazene Based Micro/Nanospheres and Their Application for Drug Release

Abstract

Polyphosphazenes (PPZs) are the hybrid polymers composed of nitrogen and phosphorous atoms linked through alternate single and double bond. For the preparation of cyclomatrix polyphosphazene (CMPPZ) based micro/nanospheres, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) was reacted with monomers containing hydroxyl and amino groups. The cross-linked structure of CMPPZ is biodegradable and biocompatible in nature. The CMPPZ based micro/nanospheres have potential application in the field of biomedical. In this review article, we have described the different ways for the preparation of CMPPZ based micro/nanospheres and their drug release behavior. The average diameter size and surface morphology of the highly cross-linked CMPPZ based micro/nanospheres depended on the concentration of both the monomers. This review article also emphasized on the drug release properties of the CMPPZ based micro/nanospheres.

Biomedical applications of polyphosphazenes

“…The molecular weight issues are attributed to the ROP, which has irregular polymerization stages of initiation and propagation (Ogueri & Laurencin, 2018; Ogueri et al, 2020a). Scaling up polyphosphazenes from bench through pilot to commercialization can be achieved using a more facile synthetic method called ‘one‐pot polymerization’ (Kühl, Deniz, Gau, & Pich, 2020; Mehmood et al, 2020; Zhou et al, 2020). Unlike the conventional ROP, this method can be carried out at room temperature, and it involves the precipitation polycondensation of HCCTP with any difunctional compounds such as dichlorofluorescein, 4, 5‐dibromofluorescein, 4, 4 sulfonyldiphenol, dopamine, and the likes (Kühl et al, 2020; Ogueri et al, 2020a; Zhou et al, 2020).…”

Dynamics in Controllable Stimuli-Responsive Self-Assembly of Polymer Vesicles with Stable Radical Functionality

“…Over the past decade, research interest in cancer treatment is growing to overcome conventional treatment defects and side effects . In many strategies, environmentally sustainable and responsive polymeric nanocarriers are promising for better cancer treatment due to target-specific delivery of therapeutic agents and reduced side effects. , Hence, the functionalization capabilities of polymers make them more interesting and attractive as responsive materials in cancer therapy. − Stimuli-responsive supramolecular nanomaterials that respond to chemical and/or physical stimuli are called “smart” biomaterials and are versatile in their applications . Especially, self-assembled polymer nanomaterials are of great interest and offer specific applications in biomedical fields such as high loading, prolonged circulation, transportation, and stimuli-triggered controlled release of drugs. ,− For this purpose, various polymer nanomaterials with morphologies of spheres, micelles, vesicles, worm-like nanostructures, tubes, etc.…”

Synthesis and application of poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres for enhancing flame retardancy of poly (ethylene terephthalate)

“…12,13 Moreover, it can be noted that the multiple P Cl active reaction sites make it possible to achieve polymerization reaction with various nucleophilic reagents. 14,15 Therefore, a large number of nano or micro-sized materials including microspheres, 16,17 submicrotubes, 18 nanospheres, 19 nanofibers 20,21 could be facilely synthesized by the simple polymerization of HCCP and other compounds.…”

“…Especially, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) is a typical organic–inorganic multifunctional hybrid material with a framework constituted by an alternating arrangement of phosphorus and nitrogen elements, showing outstanding synergistic effect during fire behavior in composites 12,13 . Moreover, it can be noted that the multiple PCl active reaction sites make it possible to achieve polymerization reaction with various nucleophilic reagents 14,15 . Therefore, a large number of nano or micro‐sized materials including microspheres, 16,17 sub‐microtubes, 18 nanospheres, 19 nanofibers 20,21 could be facilely synthesized by the simple polymerization of HCCP and other compounds.…”