Recent sex ratio at birth in China

Jiang, Quanbao; Zhang, Cuiling

doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005438

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Patriarchal preference is an ancient trait and is often considered a new phenomenon in Chinese society. Due to the one-child policy of 1979 and widespread infanticide, the sex ratio of boys and girls has become unbalanced ( Jiang and Zhang, 2021 ). In general, the higher the death rate, the higher the proportion of boys born naturally, but in China, girls receive less medical care during childhood and are more likely to be neglected than boys ( Wan et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: An empirical analysis of the impact of gender inequality and sex ratios at birth on China’s economic growth

Wu¹,

Ali

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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The contribution of women to China’s economic growth and development cannot be overemphasized. Women play important social, economic, and productive roles in any economy. China remains one of the countries in the world with severe gender inequality and sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalance. Severe gender inequality and disenfranchisement of girls with abnormally high sex ratios at birth reflect deep-rooted sexism and adversely affect girls’ development. For China to achieve economic growth, women should not be ignored and marginalized so that they can contribute to the country’s growth, but the sex ratio at birth needs to be lowered because only women can contribute to growth. Thus, this study empirically predicts an asymmetric relationship between gender inequality, sex ratio at birth and economic growth, using NARDL model over the period 1980–2020. The NARDL results show that increases in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly reduce economic growth in both the short and long term, while reductions in gender inequality and sex ratio at birth significantly boost economic growth in both the short and long term. Moreover, the results show the significant contribution of female labor force participation and female education (secondary and higher education) to economic growth. However, infant mortality rate significantly reduced economic growth. Strategically, the study recommends equal opportunities for women in employment, education, health, economics, and politics to reduce gender disparities and thereby promote sustainable economic growth in China. Moreover, policymakers should introduce new population policy to stabilize the sex ratio at birth, thereby promoting China’s long-term economic growth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: An empirical analysis of the impact of gender inequality and sex ratios at birth on China’s economic growth

Wu¹,

Ali

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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show abstract

“…First, by tradition, China practiced a strict patrilineality, patriarchy and patrilocality system. Men were dominant in wealth inheritance, living arrangements, family line continuity and intrahousehold power structure and women attached themselves to their husbands [ 25 ]. Compared with daughters who eventually marry out, sons could economically provide farm laborers in the agricultural society, provide social security support to aged parents, culturally carry on the family line and enhance the family status in the community [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility Intention to Have a Third Child in China following the Three-Child Policy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ning

Tang

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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China’s three-child policy was implemented in May 2021 to stimulate a rise in fertility levels. However, few previous studies have explored fertility intentions to have a third child and have only focused on childless or one-child populations, resulting in a gap in findings between fertility intention and fertility behavior. Thus, we conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study on 1308 participants with two children. Results showed that only 9.6% of participants reported planning to have a third child and 80.2% of the population had heard of the policy but had no idea of the detailed contents. Participants with two girls (OR = 3.722, 95% CI = 2.304–6.013) were willing to have one more child. Instrumental values (OR = 1.184, 95% CI = 1.108–1.265) and policy support (OR = 1.190, 95% CI = 1.124–1.259) were the facilitators. Perceived risk (OR = 0.883, 95% CI = 0.839–0.930) and higher educational level (OR = 0.693, 95% CI = 0.533–0.900) were the leading barriers to having one more child. Therefore, the government should deepen parents’ understanding of the “three-child policy” and devise ways of reducing the negative impacts of having a third child to boost the intention to have more children. Our proposed approach can also be used to better understand the reasons for low fertility rates in other countries.

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“…Alternatively, possibly because of the old age security motive [ 17 , 18 ], as well as patriarchal and son-preference culture in China [ 19 ], families are more likely to take male infants to hospitals [ 20 ]. Also, because mothers who gave birth following the universal two-child policy were older [ 5 ], and were more likely to give birth to male children as their second child [ 21 ], male children born after the two-child policy may be less healthy than male children born before the two-child policy. Thus, special attention should be paid to understanding and addressing gender differences in children’s health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of inpatient admission rates and associated costs for infants before and after China’s universal two-child policy

Shen

Liang

et al. 2022

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background China implemented a universal two-child policy in 2015. It is important to understand infants’ medical utilization in the context of this policy to inform health policies and resource allocation. Methods This study utilized a 20% random sample of administrative data from China’s Urban and Rural Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) in one of the largest southern Chinese cities from January 2015 to June 2018. Ordinary least squares models were used to estimate changes in inpatient admission rates and costs for infants between 0 and 6 months old after the implementation of China’s universal two-child policy. Results The overall inpatient admission rate was 27.2% in 2015 and 31.3% in 2017. Compared with 2015, there was an increase in inpatient admission rates for infants 1 month old or younger (coef = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.029 to 0.047, p < .001) and infants 6 months old or younger (coef = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.030 to 0.052, p < .001) in 2017. The increase was larger for male infants than for female ones. The average inpatient admission cost was 8412.3 RMB ($1320.61) (SD = 15,088.2). There was no increase in inpatient admission costs overall. The average length of hospital stay was 7.3 days, the probability of going to a tertiary hospital was 76.2%, and the share of out-of-pocket costs was 53.0% for all diseases. Conclusion After the implementation of the universal two-child policy in China, there was a significant increase in inpatient admission rates, especially for male infants. The overall associated costs did not change, but the increase in admission rates caused additional economic burdens for families and for social health insurance. Understanding the healthcare utilization of infants in the universal two-child period can provide insight for healthcare resource allocation in a time of dramatic changes in population policy.

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Recent sex ratio at birth in China

Cited by 35 publications

References 38 publications

RETRACTED: An empirical analysis of the impact of gender inequality and sex ratios at birth on China’s economic growth

RETRACTED: An empirical analysis of the impact of gender inequality and sex ratios at birth on China’s economic growth

Fertility Intention to Have a Third Child in China following the Three-Child Policy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Estimates of inpatient admission rates and associated costs for infants before and after China’s universal two-child policy

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