Recent Spread of a Retrotransposon in the<i>Silene latifolia</i>Genome, Apart From the Y Chromosome

Filatov, Dmitry A.; Howell, Elaine C.; Groutides, Constantinos; Armstrong, Susan J.

doi:10.1534/genetics.108.099267

Cited by 35 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…It is consistent with this conclusion that the PAR genes that we have identified, which clearly recombine with one another, include only one of the genes in the sequenced BAC (Blavet et al 2012).The size of the S. latifolia pairing region between the X and Y chromosomes is not well estimated from the cytologically visible pairing and is described as "arbitrary" (Westergaard 1948b;Lengerova et al 2003), although the region appears to be small in FISH preparations (Filatov et al 2008). If the PAR of our map corresponds with the PAR-bearing Xp arm of the X, as established by Lengerova et al (2003), the map lengths would correspond roughly with the physical size of the two X arms (Lengerova et al 2003).…”

Section: Size Of the S Latifolia Parsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…latifolia PAR: Unlike the previously published map, which used dominant AFLP markers and inferred two PARs (Scotti and Delph 2006;Delph et al 2010), our map, with a new set of mostly codominant markers, finds only a single PAR. This suggests that more study is needed before the existence of a second PAR is accepted, particularly as cytological studies consistently report terminal pairing of the X and Y chromosomes (e.g., Zluvova et al 2007;Filatov et al 2008), except in chromosome mutants (e.g., Westergaard 1946Westergaard , 1948aZluvova et al 2007). Both the previous mapping and ours, including families other than the mapping family, find a PAR of 25-30 cM (Figure 2, Table 3).…”

Section: Genetic Map Of S Latifoliamentioning

confidence: 61%

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Expansion of the Pseudo-autosomal Region and Ongoing Recombination Suppression in the Silene latifolia Sex Chromosomes

Bergero

Qiu

Forrest³

et al. 2013

Genetics

122

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There are two very interesting aspects to the evolution of sex chromosomes: what happens after recombination between these chromosome pairs stops and why suppressed recombination evolves. The former question has been intensively studied in a diversity of organisms, but the latter has been studied largely theoretically. To obtain empirical data, we used codominant genic markers in genetic mapping of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia, together with comparative mapping of S. latifolia sex-linked genes in S. vulgaris (a related hermaphrodite species without sex chromosomes). We mapped 29 S. latifolia fully sex-linked genes (including 21 newly discovered from transcriptome sequencing), plus 6 genes in a recombining pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) whose genetic map length is 25 cM in both male and female meiosis, suggesting that the PAR may contain many genes. Our comparative mapping shows that most fully sex-linked genes in S. latifolia are located on a single S. vulgaris linkage group and were probably inherited from a single autosome of an ancestor. However, unexpectedly, our maps suggest that the S. latifolia PAR region expanded through translocation events. Some genes in these regions still recombine in S. latifolia, but some genes from both addition events are now fully sex-linked. Recombination suppression is therefore still ongoing in S. latifolia, and multiple recombination suppression events have occurred in a timescale of few million years, much shorter than the timescale of formation of the most recent evolutionary strata of mammal and bird sex chromosomes. It is now understood that the large nonrecombining regions of sex chromosomes in mammals have expanded over evolutionary time, forming "evolutionary strata" with differing levels of sequence divergence between X-and Y-gene pairs, from ancient highly diverged regions, to regions in which the genes started diverging much more recently, which are located closest to the pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) on the X chromosome genetic and physical maps (Lahn and Page 1999;Skaletsky et al. 2003;Marais et al. 2008). The more recent evolutionary strata were formed by recombination suppression in regions formed by an addition of autosomal genetic material to the sex chromosomes (Waters et al. 2001), demonstrating that suppressed recombination spread from the ancestral sex chromosomal region into initially recombining regions. The PAR is shared across Eutherian mammals (despite differences in its boundary and the recent addition of a second PAR, PAR2, in humans), which is a physically small remnant of the added region, which is still autosomal in marsupials (Waters et al. 2001).The major current explanation for the evolution of expanded nonrecombining regions of sex chromosomes is

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Section: Size Of the S Latifolia Parsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Genetic Map Of S Latifoliamentioning

confidence: 61%

Expansion of the Pseudo-autosomal Region and Ongoing Recombination Suppression in the Silene latifolia Sex Chromosomes

Bergero

Qiu

Forrest³

et al. 2013

Genetics

122

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“…Therefore, these probes ''paint'' all the chromosomes apart from the Y, providing a ''negative paint'' for the Y chromosome. By using one of these probes (clone 4.2) on meiotic spreads of S. dioica and S. marizii, we confirmed that these species have sex chromosomes similar to those of S. latifolia (Filatov et al 2009). The X and Y formed a rod bivalent and the Y chromosome was larger than both the X and autosomes.…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

“…The dioecious species S. diclinis is closely related to S. latifolia (2n ¼ 22 1 XX or XY) and we expected that it would have similar X and Y chromosomes. Twenty-four chromosomes are present in S. diclinis in both males and females, but when we use FISH with a probe acting as a negative paint for the Y chromosome in S. latifolia (Cermak et al 2008;Filatov et al 2009), we find that two chromosomes are largely unpainted in S. diclinis males. Both of these behave as Y chromosomes because they are inherited from father to sons.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, these observations were made without the benefit of a marker for the Y chromosome. Recently, sequences with homology to an Ogre retrotransposon have been isolated from S. latifolia and used as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments on mitotic (Cermak et al 2008) and both mitotic and meiotic (Filatov et al 2009) chromosome spreads. The pattern of hybridization showed that these sequences are widespread over the X chromosome and all of the autosomes but are mainly confined to a small section at the pairing region of the Y chromosome in S. latifolia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Neo-Sex Chromosomes inSilene diclinis

2009

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A small cluster of dioecious species in the plant genus Silene has evolved chromosomal sex determination and sex chromosomes relatively recently, within the last 10 million years (MY). Five dioecious Silene species (section Elisanthe) are very closely related (1-2 MY of divergence) and it was previously thought that all five have similar sex chromosomes. Here we demonstrate that in one of these species, Silene diclinis, the sex chromosomes have been significantly rearranged, resulting in the formation of neo-sex chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with genic and repetitive probes revealed that in S. diclinis a reciprocal translocation has occurred between the ancestral Y chromosome and an autosome, resulting in chromosomes designated Y1 and Y2. Both Y1 and Y2 chromosomes are male specific. Y1 pairs with the X chromosome and with the autosome (the neo-X), which cosegregates with X. Y2 pairs only with the neo-X, forming a chain X-Y1-neo-X-Y2 in male meiosis. Despite very recent formation of the neo-sex chromosomes in S. diclinis, they are present in all surveyed individuals throughout the species range. Evolution of neo-sex chromosomes may be the cause of partial reproductive isolation of this species and could have been the isolating mechanism that drove speciation of S. diclinis.

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Dynamic gene order on the Silene latifolia Y chromosome

2011

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Dioecious Silene latifolia evolved heteromorphic sex chromosomes within the last ten million years, making it a species of choice for studies of the early stages of sex chromosome evolution in plants. About a dozen genes have been isolated from its sex chromosomes and basic genetic and deletion maps exist for the X and Y chromosomes. However, discrepancies between Y chromosome maps led to the proposal that individual Y chromosomes may differ in gene order. Here, we use an alternative approach, with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), to locate individual genes on S. latifolia sex chromosomes. We demonstrate that gene order on the Y chromosome differs between plants from two populations. We suggest that dynamic gene order may be a general property of Y chromosomes in species with XY systems, in view of recent work demonstrating that the gene order on the Y chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees are dramatically different.

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Recent Spread of a Retrotransposon in theSilene latifoliaGenome, Apart From the Y Chromosome

Cited by 35 publications

References 60 publications

Expansion of the Pseudo-autosomal Region and Ongoing Recombination Suppression in the Silene latifolia Sex Chromosomes

Expansion of the Pseudo-autosomal Region and Ongoing Recombination Suppression in the Silene latifolia Sex Chromosomes

Evolution of Neo-Sex Chromosomes inSilene diclinis

Dynamic gene order on the Silene latifolia Y chromosome

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