Recent status and future perspectives of ultracompact and customizable micro-supercapacitors

Abstract

Ultracompact and customizable micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are highly demanded for powering microscale electronics of 5G and Internet of Things technologies. So far, tremendous efforts have been concentrated on fabricating high-performance MSCs; however, compatible fabrication and monolithic integration of MSCs with microelectronic systems still remains a huge challenge taking into full consideration the factors such as electrode film fabrication, high-resolution microelectrode pattern, and electrolyte precise deposition. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of ultrasmall and integrated MSCs with tunable performance and customizable function, including key microfabrication technologies for patterning microelectrodes with superior resolution, precise deposition of customized electrolytes in an extremely small space, and feasible strategies for improving electrochemical performance by constructing thick microelectrodes and special electrode structure. Finally, the related challenges and key prospects of ultracompact and customizable MSCs, including compatible microfabrication methods for electrode materials and films, patterning microelectrodes, customizing shape-conformable electrolytes, performance optimization, and efficient integration with microelectronic systems, are put forward for further promoting their practical application.

TENG Applications in Transportation and Surrounding Emergency Management

“…[ 85,87,105 ] Investigations on the mechanism behind triboelectrification have never been stopped in recent years, possibly with some debates. It is generally believed that triboelectrification [ 84,88 ] can be considered as a two‐step process: i) a chemical bond is formed in some parts of the surface after two different materials come into contact; ii) charge transfer between materials occurs to equalize their electrochemical potential (probably due to difference of stability, work function, or electron affinity between two friction materials). There is a proposed hypothesis that the transferred charges may be molecules, ions, or electrons.…”

“…Under the influence of global warming and energy crisis, it is urgent to find renewable, green, and carbon‐reducing energy sources, which is one of the most urgent challenges to sustainable development. Unlike other energy sources, [ 84 ] mechanical energy is one of the most common and easily neglected sustainable energy sources in ambient environment. Triboelectric nanogenerators [ 85 ] that can successfully convert the low‐frequency and high‐entropy mechanical energy [ 86 ] in the environment into electrical energy have received extensive attentions in recent years.…”

“…And yet, the service life of the power sources (batteries or supercapacitors) for traditional sensors is restricted, and it is troublesome to frequently replace or charge these randomly distributed sensors. [ 84,88–90 ] At the same time, exhausted batteries [ 82,83,91 ] have a huge negative impact on the environment. And the increased number of sensors will result in the problems of complicated power wiring.…”

Enhanced Reaction Kinetics of Layered Vanadium Oxide Cathode Materials

“…In recent decades, the overconsumption of fossil energy has induced a serious greenhouse effect. − This crisis has prompted researchers to focus on the exploration of renewable and clean energy. Some advances have been made in the field of supercapacitors, metal-ion batteries, and metal-ion capacitors. − Among them, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely utilized in a variety of energy fields. However, the high cost and poor security of LIBs limit their further development. − As an emerging energy storage device, aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) possess obvious advantages including high safety, low cost and redox potential (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), and large theoretical capacity (820 mAh g –1 or 5855 mAh cm –3 ). − Nevertheless, AZIBs still need to be improved in their energy density and cycling performance.…”

An Edible and Nutritive Zinc-Ion Micro-supercapacitor in the Stomach with Ultrahigh Energy Density

“…These challenges motivate researchers to continuously explore and develop fully bioabsorbable and safe edible devices that feature a small size but high performance in the GI tract. Considering these aspects, a hybrid micro-supercapacitor consisting of a capacitor electrode and a battery-type electrode can achieve high energy density while retaining most of the power density, which offers an alternative option to power these devices. − Compared to other aqueous systems based on monovalent or multivalent cations, Zn-ion-based hybrid micro-supercapacitors (ZMSCs) are an ideal choice due to extremely high theoretical capacity (823 mAh g –1 or 5855 mAh cm –3 ), low redox potential of 0.76 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), relatively fast ion transport kinetics, and high safety. ,− In addition, zinc is also one of the essential trace elements needed for human health. The maximum daily intake of zinc recommended by the U.S.…”