Recent Studies on Wind Seas and Swells in the Indian Ocean: A Review

Ethamony, P. V.; Rashmi, R.; Samiksha, Shilpi; Aboobacker, V. M.

doi:10.1260/1759-3131.4.1.63

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The climatology of SWH shows wave heights in the range of 1.5–4 m with a maximum over AS and STIO (Figure 3a). The wave heights over AS are highly influenced by the wind‐seas due to the strong fetch and duration caused by southwest monsoon wind flow, rather than the swells that are generated and arriving from the STIO with the southwesterly MWD over AS (Vethamony et al ., 2013). Furthermore, moderate wave heights with southerly direction are noticed in the BOB with the range from 2–2.5 m. Models can represent these wave maxima as noticed in the ERA5.…”

Section: Tio Surface Wave Climatology During Boreal Summermentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Indian Ocean dipole on tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights in ERA5 and CMIP5 models

Srinivas

Remya

Kumar

et al. 2020

Intl Journal of Climatology

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The present study examines the relationship between the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) significant wave height (SWH) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) during boreal summer season (June through August) in the latest version of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA5) and wave simulations forced with surface winds and sea‐ice fields from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version‐5 (CMIP5) models. The interannual variability of SWH shows a significant negative correlation with the IOD over TIO. SWH anomalies display meridional tripole pattern with significant negative (positive) anomalies over eastern equatorial Indian Ocean caused by anomalous easterlies (westerlies), and positive (negative) anomalies over southeastern TIO and the north Bay of Bengal during positive (negative) phase of IOD. The strong wave heights along the east coast of India during positive IOD and the south and southwest coast of India during negative IOD are noticed. CMIP5 models GFDL‐CM3, MRI‐CGCM3 and the multi‐model mean display considerable skill in capturing these teleconnections with substantial magnitude differences. A thorough understanding of the teleconnections between IOD and TIO wave heights is a significant prerequisite for the accurate forecast of surface waves in the Indian Ocean. Hence, this study advocates the importance evaluating the ability of models in representing the SWH and IOD interactions and its implications on Indian coastal regions in the form of inundation, coastal flooding and other vulnerabilities in a changing climate scenario.

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Section: Tio Surface Wave Climatology During Boreal Summermentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Indian Ocean dipole on tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights in ERA5 and CMIP5 models

Srinivas

Remya

Kumar

et al. 2020

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…Therefore, variations will occur in the spectrum of the waves as well. Variation in swell in different seasons 41 is another cause that triggers variations in the wave spectral characteristics. Monsoon intensity changes with season 42 .…”

Section: Comparison With Other Known Wave Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the wave spectrum of the northern region of the Bay of Bengal based on Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) moored buoy data

2018

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The wave spectrum of the northern region of the Bay of Bengal is developed and analyzed. A meticulous analysis shows variations of the wave spectrum of this region in the four meteorological seasons namely spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July, August), autumn (September, October, November) and winter (December, January, February INTRODUCTIONWaves in the sea or ocean, generated by wind, generally consist of locally generated waves and the swells propagating from the far-flung locations 1 . These waves are not just simple sinusoids. The surface appears to be composed of random waves of various height, lengths, periods and shape. This randomness results in limited predictability. They can be described as a stochastic process 2 . As such we cannot describe this surface very easily. However, with some simplifications, we can come close to describing the surface. The simplifications lead to the concept of the spectrum of waves. The spectrum gives the frequency wise distribution of wave energy on the sea surface 3 . Thus we can say that the wave spectrum is an expression for the distribution of energy in the waves. The knowledge of waves and wave spectrum has widespread scientific and practical applications. These range from engineering applications such as the design and operational safety of harbors, ships, and offshore structures to coastal and marine management including, e.g. coastal stability, marine and coastal pollution and marine operations planning 4-6 . However, the Earth's climate is dynamic and varies naturally over a range of time-scales 7 . These variations and trends tend to instigate a number of physical processes culminating a 'herculean' impact on the marine environment. The varying atmospheric and climatic conditions observed in these time-scales or in other words, in different seasons stimulate variations in the spectral characteristics of the sea or ocean waves [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . The monsoons of the Indian Ocean are the beau ideals of particularly strong ocean-atmosphere interaction. The large-scale wind field in the northern Indian Ocean reverses between summer and winter,

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“…Swells usually have regular shapes, more orderly arrangements with longer crest lines and smooth surfaces. They are stable as due to the action of air resistance and the internal friction of sea water, the wave energy is distributed in a larger area, and the energy and wave height of a swell in the water column decrease continuously during propagation (Zhang et al, 2011;Ethamony et al, 2013). As the period increases, the wavelength and wave speed grow correspondingly, which makes the steepness of the wave surface decrease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distributions of air-sea CO2 flux modulated by windseas in the Southern Indian Ocean

Sun

Zheng

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The Southern Indian Ocean is a major reservoir for rapid carbon exchange with the atmosphere, plays a key role in the world’s carbon cycle. To understand the importance of anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the Southern Indian Ocean, a variety of methods have been used to quantify the magnitude of the CO2 flux between air and sea. The basic approach is based on the bulk formula—the air-sea CO2 flux is commonly calculated by the difference in the CO2 partial pressure between the ocean and the atmosphere, the gas transfer velocity, the surface wind speed, and the CO2 solubility in seawater. However, relying solely on wind speed to measure the gas transfer velocity at the sea surface increases the uncertainty of CO2 flux estimation. Recent studies have shown that the generation and breaking of ocean waves also significantly affect the gas transfer process at the air-sea interface. In this study, we highlight the impact of windseas on the process of air-sea CO2 exchange and address its important role in CO2 uptake in the Southern Indian Ocean. We run the WAVEWATCH III model to simulate surface waves in this region over the period from January 1st 2002 to December 31st 2021. Then, we use the spectral partitioning method to isolate windseas and swells from total wave fields. Finally, we calculate the CO2 flux based on the new semiempirical equation for gas transfer velocity considering only windseas. We found that after considering windseas’ impact, the seasonal mean zonal flux (mmol/m2·d) increased approximately 10%-20% compared with that calculated solely on wind speed in all seasons. Evolution of air-sea net carbon flux (PgC) increased around 5.87%-32.12% in the latest 5 years with the most significant seasonal improvement appeared in summer. Long-term trend analysis also indicated that the CO2 absorption capacity of the whole Southern Indian Ocean gradually increased during the past 20 years. These findings extend the understanding of the roles of the Southern Indian Ocean in the global carbon cycle and are useful for making management policies associated with marine environmental protection and global climatic change mitigation.

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Recent Studies on Wind Seas and Swells in the Indian Ocean: A Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

The impact of Indian Ocean dipole on tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights in ERA5 and CMIP5 models

The impact of Indian Ocean dipole on tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights in ERA5 and CMIP5 models

Development of the wave spectrum of the northern region of the Bay of Bengal based on Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) moored buoy data

Spatiotemporal distributions of air-sea CO2 flux modulated by windseas in the Southern Indian Ocean

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