Recent Trade Policies and An Approach to Further Reform in the Baltics, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union

Leidy, Michael P.; Ibrahim, Ali

doi:10.5089/9781451959970.001

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…-25- -26- Source: IMF Direction of Trade Statistics, World Bank Atlas, Leidy-Ibrahim (1996), various WTO TPRs. In tariffs A=Agriculture, I=Industry, E=Estonia, La=Latvia, Li=Lithuania • Tariff quotas for meat (live animals, bovine meat, sheep meat); levy within quota 25 or 40 percent of regular levies (Annex IV).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Integration and Baltic Trade and Investment Performance

Sharer

1997

IMF Working Papers

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Integration and Baltic Trade and Investment Performance

Sharer

1997

IMF Working Papers

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“…Macroeconomic reforms as a background to trade policy changes are discussed in various WTO/GATT Trade Policy Reviews. On transition economies, see also WorldBank (1996),Tarr (1995 and,Leidy and Ibrahim (1996) and IMF (1996).…”

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The New Liberalism

Drábek¹,

Laird²

1997

WTO Working Papers

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In the last ten years, there has been a sea change in trade and related policies in emerging markets. This results from autonomous reforms undertaken in conjunction with macroeconomic stabilization programmes. Many non-tariff measures have been eliminated and tariffs, now the principal trade instrument, have been rationalized and reduced. Considerable increases in security of market access result from increased membership of the GATT/WTO system, which itself underwent important changes as a result of the Uruguay Round, further developed in the first Ministerial Meeting of the WTO in Singapore in December 1996. The systemic changes and the expansion of WTO membership to the transition and other economies mark a dramatic change in international economic relations.

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Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Formerly Centrally Planned Economies

Pomfret

2003

World Economy

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This paper examines the international economic policies of the eastern European and Soviet Successes States in the early 1990s which provide one of those wide-open windows of opportunity when powerful vested interests are not lobbying for retention of an existing tariff structure. Moreover, the simultaneous abandonment of central planning by over two dozen countries provided a natural experiment in which a range of differing policies might have been pursued. Policymakers in transition economies have generally ended up pursuing liberal non-discriminatory trade and foreign exchange policies. There are exceptions and the majority may be wrong, but the presumption is that, perhaps after a learning or trial-and-error process, decision makers have found the rules of thumb suggested by economists to be their best guide to international economic policy. This paper notes that integration of transition economies into the global trading system has been surprisingly successful. Almost all the countries in transition from central planning have accepted the WTO rule-based system in principle, even if there are variations in trade policies and performance, and have generally pursued multilateral non-discriminatory trade policies. In particular, the potential danger of regionalism proving more attractive than multilateralism has not eventuated. The revealed behaviour of policymakers suggests that trade liberalisation is a good rule of thumb and regional groupings among transition economies have been insignificant. Despite a proliferation of new currencies, varying exchange rate regimes, and differing degrees of currency convertibility, the general pattern has been to accept convertibility for current account transdactions, and in many cases to extend this to a de jure commitment and to allow substantial capital account convertibility. A general policy conclusion in favour of more open and non-discriminatory trade and exchange policies have passed the test of acceptability by policymakers in over two-dozen countries in this category.

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Recent Trade Policies and An Approach to Further Reform in the Baltics, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Regional Integration and Baltic Trade and Investment Performance

Regional Integration and Baltic Trade and Investment Performance

The New Liberalism

Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Formerly Centrally Planned Economies

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