Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G Communication

Ibrahim, Nor Adibah; Rahman, Tharek Abd; Elijah, Olakunle

doi:10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp912-918

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The progress in wireless technologies has made human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) increasingly complex, so, monitoring EMF exposure levels and characterizing them are indispensable for risk communications of human exposure to EMFs [33], [34]. Various studies showed that respondents had experienced significant and negative effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) on their mental health, indicating a critical and urgent need to educate the public on the subject [35], [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation from multiple sources in Dhaka

Quamruzzaman

Hossain

Rahaman

et al. 2022

IJ-ICT

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<span>Just after the invention of electricity by Michael Faraday, there has been a revolution in the communication technology, which lead to the invention of radio, television, radar, satellite, and mobile. While these machines transformed our life high quality, safer and simpler, they have been associated with alarming probable health hazards owing to their electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emission. Couple of cases it has been reported by personals regarding various health related issues relating to exposure on electromagnetic field (EMF) and EMR. Although couple of persons showed light symptoms and respond by avoiding the electrical field (EF) and EMR fields as much as possible, some others are so much affected that they have changed their entire lifestyle. In this paper, empirical survey study has been carried out in the laboratories of Daffodil International University (DIU) main and permanent campus. It was found that some of the instrument had higher EMFs. The findings from this survey may be helpful for the students to take precautionary measurement who work for long duration in the various laboratories for their practical classes and for the users of the domestic appliances as well as office equipment and industrial instruments.</span>

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation from multiple sources in Dhaka

Quamruzzaman

Hossain

Rahaman

et al. 2022

IJ-ICT

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“…The exposure limit for power density for ICNIRP for frequency above 10 GHz is 10 W/m2, 50 W/m2 for public and occupational values, respectively. The power density of the FCC for frequency above 6 GHz is 10 W/m2 for public value [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power density of rectangular microstrip patch antenna arrays for 5G indoor base station

Ibrahim

Rahman

Ngah

et al. 2020

IJEECS

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The fifth-generation (5G) network has been broadly investigated by many researchers. The capabilities of 5G include massive system capacity, incredibly high data rates everywhere, very low latency and the most important point is that it is exceptionally low device cost and low energy consumption. A key technology of 5G is the millimeter wave operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands which enable massive MIMO and small cell base station densification. However, there has been public concern associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from 5G communication devices. Hence, this paper studies the power density of a 5G antenna array that can be used for the indoor base station. The power density is the amount of power or signal strength absorbed by a receiver such as the human body located a distance from the base station. To achieve this, the design of array antennas using CST software at 28 GHz, fabrication and measurement were carried out in an indoor and hallway environment. The measurement processes were set up at IC5G at UTM Kuala Lumpur in which the distance of the transmitter to receiver where 1 m, 4 m, 8 m, and 10 m. In this study, the measured power density is found to be below the set limit by ICNIRP and hence no health implication is feared. Regardless, sufficient act of cautionary has to be applied by those staying close to small cell base stations and more studies are still needed to ensure the safety of use of 5G base stations.

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“…Particularly, in fifth-generation (5G) networks, the current major concern is the green communications without making a tradeoff with other performance metrics like spectrum efficiency (SE) and latency [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Millimeter wave (mm-wave) solution is adopted in concentrated-coverage base stations (BSs) for loading the massive backhaul traffic [15][16][17][18][19]. Nonetheless, it is a significant contribution to realize such traffic load in a low energy consumption way [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy performance of 5G backhaul wireless network utilizing hybrid centric-distributed architecture

Al-Khafaji

Majdi

2019

IJEECS

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<p>This paper scrutinizes the influence of deployment scenarios on the energy performance of fifth-generation (5G) network at various backhaul wireless frequency bands. An innovative network architecture, the hybrid centric-distributed, is employed and its energy efficiency (EE) model is analyzed. The obtained results confirm that the EE of the 5G network increases with an increasing number of small cells and degrades with an increasing frequency of wireless backhaul and radius of small cells regardless of the network architectures. Moreover, the hybrid centric-distributed architecture augments the EE when compared with the distributed architecture.</p>

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Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G Communication

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Empirical studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation from multiple sources in Dhaka

Empirical studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation from multiple sources in Dhaka

Power density of rectangular microstrip patch antenna arrays for 5G indoor base station

Energy performance of 5G backhaul wireless network utilizing hybrid centric-distributed architecture

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