Recent Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Vital Biomedical Markers Using Hybrid Nanostructured Materials

Abstract

This work provides a succinct insight into the recent developments in electrochemical quantification of vital biomedical markers using hybrid metallic composite nanostructures. After a brief introduction to the biomarkers, five types of crucial biomarkers, which require timely and periodical monitoring, are shortlisted, namely, cancer, cardiac, inflammatory, diabetic and renal biomarkers. This review emphasizes the usage and advantages of hybrid nanostructured materials as the recognition matrices toward the detection of vital biomarkers. Different transduction methods (fluorescence, electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy) reported for the biomarkers are discussed comprehensively to present an overview of the current research works. Recent advancements in the electrochemical (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) sensor systems constructed with metal nanoparticle‐derived hybrid composite nanostructures toward the selective detection of chosen vital biomarkers are specifically analyzed. It describes the challenges involved and the strategies reported for the development of selective, sensitive, and disposable electrochemical biosensors with the details of fabrication, functionalization, and applications of hybrid metallic composite nanostructures.

Electrochemical diagnostics of infectious viral diseases: Trends and challenges

“…Variations observed in the current/potential/impedance values indicate the pertinent changes in chemical composition of the sensor components. Electrical signal is generated when the target analyte interacts with the recognition matrix ( Reddy et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Kinetic/mechanistic aspects as well as the reaction rates of the electrochemical redox reaction can be obtained from EIS data. Several direct/label-free electrochemical immunosensors were reported in the literature using affinity based biological recognition elements and EIS as the transduction method ( Reddy et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Among several types of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors have been operated for several years in diverse fields ( Goud et al, 2018 ; Reddy et al, 2020 ). Such biosensors analyze any variations in dielectric properties, and charge distribution though the interaction between analyte and biorecognition element on the electrode surface.…”

“…Electrochemical biosensors are categorized into amperometric ( Diba et al, 2015 ), potentiometric ( Wang et al, 2010 ), voltammetric ( Caygill et al, 2010 ) and impedimetric ( Simão et al, 2020 ) based on the method of transduction. These electrochemical biosensors have been utilized to analyze several biological agents such as proteins, nucleic acid, disease biomarkers ( Premaratne et al, 2017 ; Reddy et al, 2020 ) and several others ( Goud et al, 2017 ; GOUD et al, 2016 ; K. Yugender Goud et al, 2019 ; Kotagiri Yugender Goud et al, 2019 ; Satyanarayana et al, 2019 ; Yugender Goud et al, 2016 ). Electrochemical biosensors are claimed to be highly sensitive types of transducers by offering ultra-low-level sensitivity up to parts per trillion level or sub-pico/femto molar range with linear output, low power requirements and good resolution ( Niroula et al, 2016 ; Premaratne et al, 2018 ; Rasouli et al, 2018 ; Singh and Krishnan, 2014 ) Additionally, they provide an excellent repeatability, accuracy and ability to be miniaturized as a very tiny device form ( Kim et al, 2018 ).…”

Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers

“…are of particular interest for early-stage diagnostics of cancer diseases [ 15 , 50 ]. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) offer an easy-to-use, affordable, highly sensitive, and reliable way for the ultrasensitive sensing of biomarkers related to such diseases [ 51 , 52 ]. Lab-on-chip biosensors presenting the compact and low-power portable miniaturized devices can be utilized in cancer biomarker discovery research, leading to potential clinical applications [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].…”