Recent Trends in Multipotent Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Learning from History and Advancing Clinical Applications

Abstract

Early reports demonstrated the presence of cells with stem-like properties in bone marrow, with these cells having both hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages. Over the years, various investigations have purified and characterized mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from different human tissues as cells with multi-lineage differentiation potential under the appropriate conditions. Due to their appealing characteristics and potential, MSCs are leveraged in many applications including medicine, oncology, bioprinting and as recent as treatment of COVID-19. To date, reports indicate mesenchymal stromal/stem cells have varied differentiation capabilities into different cell types and demonstrate immunomodulating and antiinflammatory properties. Reports indicate that different MSCs microenvironments or niche and the resulting heterogeneity may influence their behavior and differentiation capacity. The potential clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells have led to an avalanche of research reports on their properties and hundreds of clinical trials being undertaken. The future looks bright and promising for mesenchymal stem cell research with many clinical trials under way to prove their utility in many applications and in the clinic. This report provides an update on the potential broader use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, review early observations of the presence of these cells in the bone marrow and their magnificent differentiation capabilities and immunomodulation.

Two Hits for Bone Regeneration in Aged Patients: Vertebral Bone Marrow Clot as a Biological Scaffold and Powerful Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…The development of new and advanced therapeutic alternatives for bone healing and regeneration such as orthobiologics application is conveying optimism among orthopedic surgeons and researchers, as evidenced by the numerous studies and systematic reviews found in the literature ( Alonso-Goulart et al, 2021 ; Zhang S et al, 2021 ; Dzobo, 2021 ; Fu et al, 2021 ; Wilson et al, 2021 ). Although several autologous BMA-based products, such as BMC and whole BMA, have been widely proposed for bone regeneration, the distinctive and enhanced biological and physical properties of clotted BMA make it an excellent candidate for autologous cell therapy ( Veronesi et al, 2013 ).…”

Novel In Situ-Cross-Linked Electrospun Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite Nonwoven Scaffolds Prove Suitable for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

“…Such a scaffold should account for the specific needs of each cell type in the periodontium and allow for cellular adhesion, spreading, and proliferation. Its biomechanical properties, i.e., the spacing of cell adhesion points and the stiffness/elastic modulus (Young's modulus), should be permissive for supporting and maintaining the proper differentiation of the cells of interest [58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. In previous studies, we showed that a gelatin/polycaprolactonebased nonwoven was suitable for establishing cocultures of GKs and GFs [31], proper stratification of keratinocytes [30,32], and substantial in vivo periodontal tissue engineering in a minipig soft tissue dehiscence model [31].…”

“…hMSCs have gained increasing attention in the field of biomedicine over the last three decades [7,[62][63][64]. Because of their developmental potency, hMSCs can differentiate into various cell types, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts [65,66].…”

Flavonoid Phloretin Inhibits Adipogenesis and Increases OPG Expression in Adipocytes Derived from Human Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal-Cells

“…MSC have interesting immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Therefore, such cells and their secretome have promising potential for applications in regenerative medicine [14,16]. At the research level, MSC are also widely used as an in vitro model for the study of cell differentiation.…”