Recent trends in phosphate balance nationally and by region in Japan

To relate short-term nutrient balances with long-term changes in soil fertility, we compared soil availablenutrient stores with fertilizer application, crop productivity, and nutrient balances. Stores of nitrogen (N: quantity of available N), phosphorus (P: quantity of Truog-P), and potassium (K: quantity of exchangeable K) in the topsoil were calculated five times from 1979 to 2003. In each survey, nutrient inputs by fertilizer, manure, and soil amendment and output by crop removal were calculated. The arithmetic average was calculated for seven crop groups [(paddy rice, Oryza sativa L.), upland crop (wheat, Poaceae triticum L., etc.), vegetables (radish, Raphanus sativus L. etc.), orchards (orange, Malus pumila Mill. etc.), tea (Camelia sinensis L.), forage (Dent corn, Zea mays L. etc.), fodder (timothy, Pheleum pratense L., etc.)] on 16 groups of soils. In spite of large changes in the N balance and in manure N input, available N was relatively constant during the five surveys both within and between crops. On the other hand, the available P and K stores and balances changed greatly during the surveys. The quantities of N, P, and K applied in manure had no consistent effect on the soil available N, P, and K stores. The Truog-P store exceeded guidelines in paddy rice, orchards, and tea. The K store exceeded guidelines in upland crops, vegetables, orchards, and tea. Although the available N store was managed well, the available P and K stores were not. Sustainable agriculture that makes effective use of nutrients and has a low environmental impact requires the use of both nutrient balances and available nutrient stores.

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“…2). This value was lower than the estimate of 20% by Mishima et al (2010a) in 2005 because of differences in data sources.…”

Section: Dominant Soils In Crop Productioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Changes in soil available-nutrient stores and relationships with nutrient balance and crop productivity in Japan

Mishima

Kimura

Eguchi

et al. 2013

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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“…Dashed and solid lines refer to P application and P uptake rates, respectively. The regions are based on those defined by the FAO (15 (20). Even in high P-fixing soils, a large initial application of P (∼600 kg·ha −1 ) can be adequate for cultivating maize for 7-9 y because of the effect of residual P (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle

Sattari

Bouwman

Giller

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

542

434

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Phosphorus (P) is a finite and dwindling resource. Debate focuses on current production and use of phosphate rock rather than on the amounts of P required in the future to feed the world. We applied a two-pool soil P model to reproduce historical continental crop P uptake as a function of P inputs from fertilizer and manure and to estimate P requirements for crop production in 2050. The key feature is the consideration of the role of residual soil P in crop production. Model simulations closely fit historical P uptake for all continents. Cumulative inputs of P fertilizer and manure for the period 1965-2007 in Europe (1,115 kg·ha −1 of cropland) grossly exceeded the cumulative P uptake by crops (360 kg·ha −1 ). Since the 1980s in much of Europe, P application rates have been reduced, and uptake continues to increase due to the supply of plant-available P from residual soil P pool. We estimate that between 2008 and 2050 a global cumulative P application of 700-790 kg·ha −1 of cropland (in total 1,070-1,200 teragrams P) is required to achieve crop production according to the various Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios [Alcamo J, Van Vuuren D, Cramer W (2006) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios, Vol 2, pp 279-354]. We estimate that average global P fertilizer use must change from the current 17.8 to 16.8-20.8 teragrams per year in 2050, which is up to 50% less than other estimates in the literature that ignore the role of residual soil P.food security | global crop production | phosphorus depletion | hysteresis S ignificant improvements in agricultural productivity and efficiency of resource use are required to secure food production for the projected world population in 2050 (1). Food production needs to grow faster than the global population due to changing human diets (i.e., increasing per-capita consumption of meat) and production of biofuels. This challenge can be managed through significant improvements in agricultural productivity and phosphorus (P) fertilizer use efficiency.P is essential for plant growth and often a major limiting nutrient in agriculture (1-3). Many studies have raised concern about rapid depletion of the world's P reserves (4, 5). Recently, it was suggested that global P production will peak by 2033 (5). In contrast, other studies conclude that almost half of the currently available P resources will be depleted by 2100 (6), or that P rock reserves will be available for the next 300-400 y (7).Resource use efficiency, including strategies such as recycling of human P sewage sludge and other waste materials containing P, and reducing runoff and erosion, will be important to improve the sustainability of human P cycle (6).Readily available P in the soil solution provides most of the plantavailable P. The two main factors that control the availability of P to plant roots are the concentration of phosphate ions in the soil solution and the P-buffer capacity, i.e., the ability of the soil to replenish these ions when plant roots remove them (3). Soils differ in their buffering capaci...

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“…A disliking between N and P application for orchard and tea was even observed nationally, and the variation in the application level of P in each year for each crop always exceeded that for N. This may be a result of better research and documentation on the effects and method of N fertilization than for P fertilization. Although P is an essential fertilizer element, P fertilization was not related to crop yields (Mishima et al 2009b).…”

Section: Chemical Fertilizersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nitrogen and phosphate balance on crop production in Japan on national and prefectural scales

Mishima

Endô

Kohyama

2009

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

Self Cite

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Trends in nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) balance for several crops were calculated for the nation and by prefecture for 5-year periods from 1985 to 2005. Prefectural chemical N and P fertilizer applications for paddy rice and upland crops declined but applications for vegetable crops increased during the period like as national trends. Prefectural chemical N and P applications for tea, orchard and forage remained unchanged in line with national trends. Manure N and P applications for each crop did not follow the trends for chemical fertilizer. Although chemical fertilizer application declined, N and P crop withdrawal for paddy rice, upland crops and tea increased as a result of optimizing fertilizer timing and placement. Nitrogen and P balance for each crop indicated a surplus; P surplus was larger than N surplus, because of higher P input and lower crop P withdrawal. Chemical N fertilizer determined N surplus except for forage, which was determined by manure application. Therefore N surplus on paddy rice, upland crops, orchard and tea declined and increased on vegetables. Forage recorded an N deficiency in two 5-year periods nationally because of low manure input. Because P balance was also determined by chemical P fertilizer, the P surplus for paddy rice and upland crops declined and the P surplus for vegetables increased during the period. Total P surplus was reduced on paddy rice and upland crops. Trends for chemical fertilizer, manure and N and P balance varied widely among prefectures, especially for P. Crop withdrawal of N and P varied relatively little. Although prefectural trends did not always follow the national trend, we could conclude that the negative environmental effects of Japanese crop production have diminished recently, and an improvement in N and P balance in vegetable production can be expected.

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Recent trends in phosphate balance nationally and by region in Japan

Cited by 41 publications

References 12 publications

Changes in soil available-nutrient stores and relationships with nutrient balance and crop productivity in Japan

Changes in soil available-nutrient stores and relationships with nutrient balance and crop productivity in Japan

Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle

Nitrogen and phosphate balance on crop production in Japan on national and prefectural scales

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