Recent trends in therapeutic application of engineered blood purification materials for kidney disease

Abstract

Blood purification is a commonly used method to remove excess metabolic waste in the blood in renal replacement therapy. The sufficient removal of these toxins from blood can reduce complications and improve survival lifetime in dialysis patients. However, the current biological blood purification materials in clinical practice are not ideal, where there is an unmet need for producing novel materials that have better biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and, in particular, more efficient toxin clearance rates and a lower cost of production. Given this, this review has carefully summarized newly developed engineered different structural biomedical materials for blood purification in terms of types and structure characteristics of blood purification materials, the production process, as well as interfacial chemical adsorption properties or mechanisms. This study may provide a valuable reference for fabricating a user-friendly purification device that is more suitable for clinical blood purification applications in dialysis patients. Graphical Abstract

Biomedical Applications of CNT-Based Fibers

“…Among various areas, biomedical applications are gaining special interest because they can create remarkable added value [ 3 ]. Due to the unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of CNTs, they have been utilized for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], tissue engineering scaffolds [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], biosensors [ 10 , 11 ], and imaging agents [ 12 ]. However, there are also challenges related to their biocompatibility, toxicity, and potential long-term effects [ 13 ].…”

In silico screening of nanoporous materials for urea removal in hemodialysis applications

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] For this reason, the removal of urea from aqueous solutions, as a proxy for spent dialysate fluid, has been investigated by many research groups. [13][14][15] A dialysate regeneration unit that rebalances ions and captures uremic toxins could solve this problem, enable the design of a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) 14 and reduce the water consumed in the process. Attempts at such portable systems have mostly been based on the concept of enzymatic decomposition of urea, using immobilised urease, such as in the REDY s , a commercial device based on a multi-cartridge system.…”

“…6–12 For this reason, the removal of urea from aqueous solutions, as a proxy for spent dialysate fluid, has been investigated by many research groups. 13–15…”

“…A discussion of the literature on the adsorption of urea on porous particles is beyond the scope of this article, as there are several reviews dealing with this topic. [13][14][15] Based on a back of the envelope calculation, the ideal sorbent should have a urea binding capacity of 100 mg g À1 for a light wearable device, which could remove the daily urea production with 250 g of sorbent. Such a goal still represents a challenge for the materials tested so far.…”

3D Cell Printing of Advanced Vascularized Proximal Tubule-on-a-Chip for Drug Induced Nephrotoxicity Advancement

“…Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a significant clinical challenge that causes drug attrition in drug development. , Presently, DIN has been recognized as a critical cause of over 1.5 million adverse events each year in the United States, affecting about 20% of adults. − The occurrence of DIN among the elderly population is 66%, owing to the use of therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes . DIN is driven by several factors, such as tubular toxicity and intraglomerular hemodynamics.…”