Recent Update on Applications of Quaternary Ammonium Silane as an Antibacterial Biomaterial: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach in Dentistry

Abstract

Quaternary ammonium silane [(QAS), codename – k21] is a novel biomaterial developed by sol-gel process having broad spectrum antimicrobial activities with low cytotoxicity. It has been used in various concentrations with maximum antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility. The antimicrobial mechanism is displayed via contact killing, causing conformational changes within the bacterial cell membrane, inhibiting Sortase-A enzyme, and causing cell disturbances due to osmotic changes. The compound can attach to S1' pockets on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to massive MMP enzyme inhibition, making it one of the most potent protease inhibitors. Quaternary ammonium silane has been synthesized and used in dentistry to eliminate the biofilm from dental tissues. QAS has been tested for its antibacterial activity as a cavity disinfectant, endodontic irrigant, restorative and root canal medication, and a nanocarrier for drug delivery approaches. The review is first of its kind that aims to discuss applications of QAS as a novel antibacterial biomaterial for dental applications along with discussions on its cytotoxic effects and future prospects in dentistry.

Newly discovered clouting interplay between matrix metalloproteinases structures and novel quaternary Ammonium K21: computational and in-vivo testing

“…In the caries forming bacteria [ 10 ], SrtA enzyme assists in adherence of surface proteins to the cell wall. The SrtA enzyme is coded by SrtA gene, that recognizes LPXTG motif of protein and catalyzes a grouping process to attach protein to cell wall [ 11 ].…”

Metal- and Peroxide-Free Silicone Rubbers with Antibacterial Properties Obtained at Room Temperature

“…30 The antibacterial activity could be explained by, first, the presence of positively charged groups in the polymer structure −NH 2 + − that are attracted to the bacterial membrane having negatively charged lipid molecules: cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerin. 54 As a result of adsorption on the cell membrane by the cationic part directed outward, the hydrophobic tails of the polymer chain penetrate into the lipid layer, thereby causing disorganization and leakage of low-molecular components from the cell wall, which leads to the death of a microorganism. It is still possible for the hydrophobic part of the macromolecule to penetrate the membrane due to the flexibility of polysiloxane chains in the structure of the crosslinked polymer.…”

Multifunctional Dental Adhesives Formulated with Silane-Coated Magnetic Fe3O4@m-SiO2 Core–Shell Particles to Counteract Adhesive Interfacial Breakdown

“…11 For dental applications, organosilicons play a crucial role in creating a strong interphase between filler and resin, contributing to the strength and durability of dental bonds. 12 Furthermore, organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt monomers have long-lasting antibacterial effects. 13 Here, we report the concept, synthesis, characterization, and preliminary assessments of a multifunctional magnetic platform incorporated into a dental adhesive to provide (1) filler reinforcement and magnetic motion, (2) a combinatorial antibacterial effect, and (3) an antibond degradation strategy via protease inhibitor.…”

“…This chemical modification should not compromise the particle’s properties, including saturation magnetization . For dental applications, organosilicons play a crucial role in creating a strong interphase between filler and resin, contributing to the strength and durability of dental bonds . Furthermore, organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt monomers have long-lasting antibacterial effects …”