Recent updates on COVID-19: A holistic review

Jakhmola, Shweta; Indari, Omkar; Kashyap, Dharmendra; Varshney, Nidhi; Rani, Annu; Sonkar, Charu; Baral, Budhadev; Chatterjee, Sayantani; Das, Ayan; Kumar, Rajesh; Jha, Hem Chandra

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05706

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 180 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…Several reports have demonstrated that viral infections like adenovirus, coronavirus, and herpes are related to cardiac arrhythmia–like atrial fibrillation due to various inflammatory markers including CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2, 6, and 8. 10) 11) 12) Moreover, some authors reported that COVID-19 could cause cardiac injuries like myocarditis. 5) 7) 10) 12) 13) However, it has been acknowledged that data about the mechanism of cardiovascular damage from COVID-19 is limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2) 5) The cardiac troponin level was known to increase in acute myocardial injuries, atherosclerotic plaque disruptions, coronary thromboses, critically ill patients, and supply-demand imbalances leading to myocardial injury, metabolic stress by infection, hypoxia, acidosis, and hypotension. 5) 11) 14) Moreover, previous studies mentioned that cardiac injury is based on cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin and NT-proBNP. 4) 5) 10) This study found that CK-MB and log NT-proBNP significantly increased in patients with severe COVID-19 conditions than patients with mild conditions, which are similar to previous reports.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrocardiographic Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: Daegu in South Korea

et al. 2021

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Author's summary As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, cardiac injury in patients infected with COVID-19 becomes a significant concern. Thus, this study investigates the impact of several electrocardiogram parameters and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The deceased patients showed increased dispersion of QTc and Tpe-c compared with surviving patients (78.2±41.1 vs. 40.8±24.6 ms and 60.2±37.3 vs 40.8±24.5 ms, both p<0.05). The QTc dispersion of more than 56.1 ms could predict the mortality in multivariate analysis (Odd ratio 8.06, 95% Confidence Interval 2.843–25.750). A prolonged QTc dispersion could be an independent predictable factor of mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocardiographic Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: Daegu in South Korea

et al. 2021

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a large ssRNA virus, is the causative agent of COVID-19, which primarily attacks the respiratory tract including associated organs. Additionally, the virus has shown to impact various other organs or body systems like the gastrointestinal system, nervous system etc ( Jakhmola et al, 2020a ; Jakhmola et al, 2020b ; Sonkar et al, 2020 ). Currently new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are reported from different regions of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Antiviral Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2: How Far Have We Come?

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide at an exponential rate affecting millions of people instantaneously. Currently, various drugs are under investigation to treat an enormously increasing number of COVID-19 patients. This dreadful situation clearly demands an efficient strategy to quickly identify drugs for the successful treatment of COVID-19. Hence, drug repurposing is an effective approach for the rapid discovery of frontline arsenals to fight against COVID-19. Successful application of this approach has resulted in the repurposing of some clinically approved drugs as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates. Several of these drugs are either antimalarials, antivirals, antibiotics or corticosteroids and they have been repurposed based on their potential to negate virus or reduce lung inflammation. Large numbers of clinical trials have been registered to evaluate the effectiveness and clinical safety of these drugs. Till date, a few clinical studies are complete and the results are primary. WHO also conducted an international, multi-country, open-label, randomized trials-a solidarity trial for four antiviral drugs. However, solidarity trials have few limitations like no placebos were used, additionally any drug may show effectiveness for a particular population in a region which may get neglected in solidarity trial analysis. The ongoing randomized clinical trials can provide reliable long-term follow-up results that will establish both clinical safety and clinical efficacy of these drugs with respect to different regions, populations and may aid up to worldwide COVID-19 treatment research. This review presents a comprehensive update on majorly repurposed drugs namely chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, ribavirin, azithromycin, umifenovir, oseltamivir as well as convalescent plasma therapy used against SARS-CoV-2. The review also summarizes the data recorded on the mechanism of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of these repurposed drugs along with the preclinical and clinical findings, therapeutic regimens, pharmacokinetics, and drug-drug interactions.

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“…We also looked into the plausible functional aspects regulated by the binding of the virus's RGD to integrin molecules on the host surface. RGD is a conserved motif on SARS-CoV-2 S protein that has a potential to bind to the integrin molecule, which may enhance the binding potential of the protein to ACE-2 [38,51,6,7,52]. Integrins can mediate signaling through the cell membrane by forming adhesome complex, which includes talin, paxillin, vinculin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), p130cas, and GTPase of the Rho family (Figure 9c) [53].…”

Section: Screening Of Plausible Host Signaling Influenced By the Mutant Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a recently published data revealed that the human SARS-CoV-2 shared the highest nucleotide sequence similarity with the bat CoV: RaTG13 [5]. The illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 is referred to as the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) [6,7]. Recognized as a global health emergency, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on 11 th March 2020 by the World Health Organisation (WHO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutational analysis of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2

Jakhmola

Indari

Kashyap

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility is higher than that of other human coronaviruses; therefore, it poses a threat to the populated communities. We investigated mutations among envelope (E), membrane (M), and spike (S) proteins from different isolates of SARS-CoV-2 and plausible signaling influenced by mutated virus in a host. We procured updated protein sequences from the NCBI virus database. Mutations were analyzed in the retrieved sequences of the viral proteins through multiple sequence alignment. Additionally, the data was subjected to ScanPROSITE to analyse if the mutations generated a relevant sequence for host signaling. Unique mutations in E, M, and S proteins resulted in modification sites like PKC phosphorylation and N-myristoylation sites. Based on structural analysis, our study revealed that the D614G mutation in the S protein diminished the interaction with T859 and K854 of adjacent chains. Moreover, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 consists of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide sequence, which could potentially interact with various members of integrin family receptors. RGD sequence in S protein might aid in the initial virus attachment. We speculated crucial host pathways which the mutated isolates of SARS-CoV-2 may alter like PKC, Src, and integrin mediated signaling pathways. PKC signaling is known to influence the caveosome/raft pathway which is critical for virus entry. Additionally, the myristoylated proteins might activate NF-κB, a master molecule of inflammation. Thus the mutations may contribute to the disease pathogenesis and distinct lung pathophysiological changes. Further the frequently occurring mutations in the protein can be studied for possible therapeutic interventions.

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Recent updates on COVID-19: A holistic review

Cited by 18 publications

References 180 publications

Electrocardiographic Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: Daegu in South Korea

Electrocardiographic Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: Daegu in South Korea

An Update on Antiviral Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2: How Far Have We Come?

Mutational analysis of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2

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