Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling

Kaufman, Darrell S.; Schneider, David P.; McKay, Nicholas P.; Ammann, Caspar; Bradley, Raymond S.; Briffa, Keith R.; Miller, Gifford H.; Otto‐Bliesner, Bette L.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Vinther, Bo M.

doi:10.1126/science.1173983

Cited by 627 publications

(635 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As the d 18 O record from the P96 core shows (Figure 10a), local temperatures rose to reach a maximum near 6 ka b.p., which is consistent with timing estimates for the Early Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) in this region obtained from syntheses of proxy data [Kaufman et al, 2009].…”

Section: The Holocene Record Of Summer Melt On Penny Ice Capsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…[35] Thereafter, from $4 to 0.5 ka b.p., annual summer melt rates at the P95 and P96 sites declined, following the late Holocene climatic deterioration recorded by numerous proxies across the Arctic [Kaufman et al, 2009], and seen in the P96 d 18 O profile. The decreasing MF trend in the late Holocene is steeper in the P96 than in the P95 record, and this difference is likely due to the decreasing altitude and accumulation at the P96 site (relative to P95) that resulted from topographic changes on Penny Ice Cap after it separated from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet.…”

Section: The Holocene Record Of Summer Melt On Penny Ice Capmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate

et al. 2012

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[1] At latitude 67 N, Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island is the southernmost large ice cap in the Canadian Arctic, yet its past and recent evolution is poorly documented. Here we present a synthesis of climatological observations, mass balance measurements and proxy climate data from cores drilled on the ice cap over the past six decades (1953 to 2011). We find that starting in the 1980s, Penny Ice Cap entered a phase of enhanced melt rates related to rising summer and winter air temperatures across the eastern Arctic. Presently, 70 to 100% (volume) of the annual accumulation at the ice cap summit is in the form of refrozen meltwater. Recent surface melt rates are found to be comparable to those last experienced more than 3000 years ago. Enhanced surface melt, water percolation and refreezing have led to a downward transfer of latent heat that raised the subsurface firn temperature by 10 C (at 10 m depth) since the mid-1990s. This process may accelerate further mass loss of the ice cap by pre-conditioning the firn for the ensuing melt season. Recent warming in the Baffin region has been larger in winter but more regular in summer, and observations on Penny Ice Cap suggest that it was relatively uniform over the 2000-m altitude range of the ice cap. Our findings are consistent with trends in glacier mass loss in the Canadian High Arctic and regional sea-ice cover reduction, reinforcing the view that the Arctic appears to be reverting back to a thermal state not seen in millennia.

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Section: The Holocene Record Of Summer Melt On Penny Ice Capsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: The Holocene Record Of Summer Melt On Penny Ice Capmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate

et al. 2012

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“…In Jones Sound, a cooling trend started about 6000 BP, consistent with other sedimentary records (Kaufman et al 2009), but conditions on the Pacific side were warmer than today throughout the Holocene, with much less sea ice in the Chukchi in the late Holocene. All cores revealed persistent temperature oscillations of 1000-3000 y period.…”

Section: Ipy Ocean Observatoriessupporting

confidence: 61%

The Arctic Ocean—a Canadian perspective from IPY

et al. 2012

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Canada's IPY program funded seven marine projects spanning the North American Arctic. Work embraced oceanography, air-sea interactions, storm response, paleoclimate and trace-element chemistry. Notable findings are emerging. Conditions in the Beaufort were unusual in 2007, with very high air pressure bringing strong winds, rapid ice drift, thin winter ice, enhanced shelf-break upwelling and a maximum in freshwater retention in the Beaufort Gyre. A mapping of trace chemicals suggests that Arctic mid-depth circulation may also have reversed. Study of Canadian Arctic through-flow revealed a net annual seawater export of 44,000 cubic kilometres from the Arctic to Baffin Bay. Observations of sea ice, sustained through the IPY, affirmed that ice cover is the key attribute of Arctic seas, with wind as a potent agent in its variation. Surveys have shown that the anthropogenic decline in seawater alkalinity is aggravated in the Arctic by low temperature and low salinity resulting from ice melt. Careful experiments have revealed that Arctic phytoplankton growth is constrained by scarcity of dissolved iron where light levels are low. A manganese fingerprint in sediments has tracked changing sea level during the Ice Age.Climatic Change

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“…By extension, a linear and unique response of the SPG to volcanic eruptions should not necessarily be expected. The simulated long-lasting trend in the SPG strength might also be attributed to varying orbital parameters (Kaufman et al 2009). A detailed investigation on the impact of the external forcing on the SPG dynamics at millennial time scales is however beyond the scope of this study.…”

Section: Attribution Of the Spg Changes In The Last Millenniummentioning

confidence: 99%

An abrupt weakening of the subpolar gyre as trigger of Little Ice Age-type episodes

et al. 2016

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Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling

Abstract: Cooling Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of September 25, 2009 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at

Cited by 627 publications

References 24 publications

Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate

Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate

The Arctic Ocean—a Canadian perspective from IPY

An abrupt weakening of the subpolar gyre as trigger of Little Ice Age-type episodes

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