Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Abstract

Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.

Transcriptomic investigation unveils the role of energy metabolism under low phosphorus and salt combined stress in soybean (Glycine max)

“…NADP‐dependent malic enzyme (NADP‐ME) serves as an enzyme capable of catalyzing the generation of acetone, NADH, and NADPH (Chang & Tong, 2003; Drincovich et al, 2001). Previous research endeavours had yielded valuable insights into the effects of NADP‐ME overexpression, revealing its potential to enhance the concentration of soluble compounds and confer salt resistance (Bouthour et al, 2015; Cheng et al, 2007; Guo et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2007; Soltabayeva et al, 2022). Moreover, NADP‐ME assumes a crucial role in the anaerobic pathway, contributing vital energy resources to fuel the TCA cycle (Zhou et al, 2018).…”

Advances in Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Balancing Plant Growth and Stress Responses

“…FLS2 typically heterodimers with BAK1 and undergoes transphosphorylation. Overall, RLKs play critical roles in regulating both plant development and stress responses [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

The soybean immune receptor GmBIR1 regulates host transcriptome, spliceome, and immunity during cyst nematode infection

“…RLKs contain an intracellular kinase domain, a membrane‐spanning region, and a ligand‐binding extracellular domain (Shiu et al ., 2004). Though RLKs are classified into > 20 different subclasses based on the characteristics of the extracellular domain, most family members involved in immunity and disease resistance belong to the leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) subclass (Shiu & Bleecker, 2001; Goff & Ramonell, 2007; Wu & Zhou, 2013; Soltabayeva et al ., 2022). Current model of signal activation by RLKs states that ligand perception by the extracellular domain causes activation of the intracellular kinase domain, and subsequent phosphorylation of target substrates leading to a cascade of signal transduction events mediating transcriptome programming (Macho & Zipfel, 2014).…”

“…Current model of signal activation by RLKs states that ligand perception by the extracellular domain causes activation of the intracellular kinase domain, and subsequent phosphorylation of target substrates leading to a cascade of signal transduction events mediating transcriptome programming (Macho & Zipfel, 2014). However, several experimental evidences indicate that this simplistic model most likely involves other coreceptors and regulatory proteins that are crucial for signaling initiation (Macho & Zipfel, 2014; Soltabayeva et al ., 2022). Considering that phosphorylation plays a key role in signal initiation, identifying targeted substrates of RLKs involved in immunity is critical to better understand how PRRs execute specific downstream responses.…”