“…A disadvantage of bare TiO 2 is that it can absorb only UV light, i.e., the relatively small part of the solar spectrum because of its large band gap between 3 and 3.5 eV. Improving the light absorption of TiO 2 in the visible range is usually associated with its bulk doping or surface modification by incorporating some transition metal ions, , noble metals, , or nonmetal elements such as C, N, S, or F. − ,,, However, in many cases, the efficiency of such photocatalysts is rather low.…”