Reclamation of Herb Residues Using Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Effect on Diarrhea

Abstract

Residues from herbal medicine processing in pharmaceutical plants create a large amount of waste (herb residues), which consists mainly of environmental pollution and medicinal waste. In order to resolve this problem, probiotics of Bacillus (B.) subtilis, Aspergillus (A.) oryzae, and Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum M3 are selected to reuse herb residue of Jianweixiaoshi tablets (JT), and an antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mouse model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the herb residue fermentation supernatant. Our results indicated that the fermentation supernatant had scavenged 77.8% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 78% of O2•−, 36.7% of •OH, 39% of Fe2+ chelation, and 716 mg/L reducing power. The inhibition zones for Salmonella (S.) typhimurium, S. enteritidis, Shigella (Sh.) flexneri, Escherichia (E.) coli, Listeria (L.) monocytogenes, Sh. dysenteriae 301, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus were 17, 14, 19, 18, 20, 19, and 20 mm, respectively. The in vivo results indicated that the fermentation supernatant resulted in a high diarrhea inhibition rate (56%, p < 0.05), greatly enhanced the disruption of bacterial diversity caused by antibiotics, and restored the dominant position of L. johnsonii in the treatment and recovery stages. Therefore, the combination of the herb residue and probiotics suggests a potential to explore conversion of these materials for the possible development of therapies for AAD.

Nephroprotective Plants: A Review on the Use in Pre-Renal and Post-Renal Diseases

“…The fermentation supernatant significantly inhibited diarrhea caused by the antibiotics, and enhanced bacterial diversity and restored Lactobacillus johnsonii dominance in the gut microbial community. Furthermore, antioxidant and antibacterial properties were demonstrated in vitro [ 99 ]. In this last referenced work, the authors encourage the use of medicinal herb residues previously processed by pharmacological firms to obtain new therapeutical products.…”

Changes of Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Pear Ferment in Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro

“…Edible plant ferments are kinds of functional food fermented from fruits, vegetables, cereals, and herbs by microorganisms such as yeast and lactobacillus [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Ferments have various health benefits such as antioxidant activity [ 4 ], detoxification of liver [ 5 ], laxative effect [ 6 ], immunity improvement [ 7 ], and prevention of certain chronic diseases [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Reclamation of Astragalus By-Product through Dietary Inclusion in Ruminant Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Blood Biochemical Parameters, and Humoral Immune Response in Sheep

“…Several studies have attempted to reclaim herbal by-products as feed additives, preparation of activated carbon, papermaking, cultivation of edible fungi, preparation of ethanol, or fermentation for the purpose of limiting infections such as diarrhea [5, 10]. In an experiment to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the fermentation supernatant of herbal residue (composed of parts of Pseudostellaria heterophylla , Dioscorea opposita , Hordeum vulgare , Crataegus pinnatifida , Citrus reticulata , and Jianweixiaoshi sts), the fermentation supernatant scavenged 77.8% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 78% of O 2 •, 36.7% of •OH, 39% of Fe 2+ chelation, and 716 mg/L reducing power.…”

“…In an experiment to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the fermentation supernatant of herbal residue (composed of parts of Pseudostellaria heterophylla , Dioscorea opposita , Hordeum vulgare , Crataegus pinnatifida , Citrus reticulata , and Jianweixiaoshi sts), the fermentation supernatant scavenged 77.8% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 78% of O 2 •, 36.7% of •OH, 39% of Fe 2+ chelation, and 716 mg/L reducing power. In the same experiment, the fermentation supernatant inhibited diarrhea at a high rate (56%, p < 0.05), significantly boosted the destruction of antibiotic-based bacterial diversity, and reestablished the prevalence of Lactobacillus johnsonii in the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice [10]. In another study, ABP improved immunity and promoted the digestion ability of white ducks resulting in a corresponding increase in body weight and weight of the ducks' immune organs [3].…”