Recognition and Quantification of Some Monoamines Neurotransmitters

Abstract

1IntroductionNeurotransmitters are biochemical substancest hat are produced and secreted by an euron and then diffused across as ynapse to cause excitation or inhibition of other neurons. Dopamine,s erotonin, and epinephrine are exampleso fn eurotransmitters.D opamine (DA), 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzene-1,2-diol ( Fig.1)i sa no rganicc ompound of the catechol amine that plays important roles in the human brain and body.T he brain comprises several distinct dopamine systems, one of which plays an important role in reward-motivated behavior.M ost types of reward increase the level of dopamine in the brain.O ther brain dopamine systems control the release of various hormones and involvem otor control. Several diseases of the nervouss ystema re due to the dysfunctionso ft he dopamine system. Lacko fd opaminel evels in the body can cause Parkinson,s disease,h ighly altered levels of dopamine activity cause schizophrenia [1].O nt he otherh and, there are severalm ethods reported in the literature for the quantification of DA comprising voltammetry [2-6], UHPLC[ 7-10],H PLC [11-13],G C[ 14],c apillary electrophoresis [15-17],f luorimetry[ 18-22],e lectrochemiluminescence [23, 24],a ll of these methods are of highly costly,t ime consuming and involve derivatization steps. Biosensors [25] and potentiometric sensors [26-29] have also been reported.Serotonin, 3-(2-aminoethyl) indol-5-ol, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ( Fig.1)i samonoamine neurotransmitter.I ti sp rimarily found in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and the centraln ervous system of animal including humans.5 -HT is popularly thoughtt obe ac on-tributor to feelingso fw ell-being and happiness [ 30].T he most widely used methods for the quantification of serotonin are UHPLC [ 7,8],H PLC [31-33],G C[ 14],c apillary electrophoresis [15],v oltammetry [6,[34][35]and fluorimetry [36].S of ar,t here is no potentiometric sensorf or quantificationo fs erotonin in the literature.Epinephrine known also as adrenaline,( R)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino) ethyl) benzene-1,2-diol( Fig. 1) is ah ormone and an eurotransmitter [37],e pinephrine and norepinephrine are separate but related hormones secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.T he word adrenalinei su sed in commonp arlancet od enotei ncreaseda ctivation of the sympathetics ystem associated with the energy and excitement of the fight-or-fight response [38]. Ther eported methodsf or the determination of adrenaline are voltammetry [ 5,39],U PLC [7,8,10],H PLC [13,12],c apillary electrophoresis [15,17] and fluorimetry [22].A lso therei sn op otentiometric sensor for the deter-Abstract:T hree neurotransmitter sensors for dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine have been developed. Potentiometric sensors for serotonin and epinephrinea re novel and first to be introduced. Then eurotransmitter potentiometric sensors are based on using dibenzo-30-crown-10 (DB30C10), dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8), and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) as ionophores and neutral carriers incorporating in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane plastici...

Superficial and Inkjet Scalable Printed Sensors Integrated with Iron Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Lurasidone

“…Electroanalytical approaches with the aid of tailor-made sensors have been proven to be an excellent choice for monitoring pharmaceutical compounds in biological and pharmaceutical samples. − In comparison to other techniques, electroanalytical methods showed significant advantages such as good reusability, excellent selectivity, and flexibility. , With their improved performance, electroanalytical approaches can be combined with other spectrometric and chromatographic techniques for monitoring pharmaceutical residues in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Carbonaceous-based electrodes represent a major category of the voltammetric working electrodes. − For biomedical and healthcare monitoring, the well-known glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes are too bulky to be applied with the necessity for sterilization and regeneration which oppose the commercialization of such sensors. Therefore, introduction of disposable electrochemical printed sensors with their miniaturized planner structure is welcomed.…”

Novel Copper Oxide-Integrated Carbon Paste Tirofiban Voltammetric Sensor

“…TIR is commonly prescribed to the patient; therefore, a simple, precise, sensitive, and reliable analytical protocol for TIR quantification in different samples is welcomed. Electroanalytical techniques based on tailormade electrochemical sensors have been proven to be an excellent choice for monitoring pharmaceutical and bioactive compounds in different medicinal formulations and biological samples. − With the advantages of acceptable sensitivity, relatively short analysis time, and simple instrumentation equipment, the electroanalytical approaches can contribute to the analysis of pharmaceuticals in quality control laboratories as an alternative or the committee with other spectrometric and chromatographic techniques. Moreover, exploring the electrochemical behavior of a drug molecule may be useful for explanation of its vivo redox processes, metabolic fate, or pharmacological activity.…”

Investigation of Dendrimer Transfer Behaviors at the Micro-Water/1,2-Dichloroethane Interface Facilitated by Dibenzo-18-Crown-6

“…Based on that, ion-selective membranes combined with liquid membranes were implemented for ions such as K + , Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Cl – with considerable selectivity. − Because of the strong interaction between the amino group and ionophores (mainly from the hydrogen bonds), the FIT process has successfully built platforms to sense biomolecules. Such platforms show advantages of label-free detection, high sensitivity, selectivity, and a wide range of analytes, involving small functional molecules, , such as dopamine, − ractopamine, topotecan, peptides, − and proteins. , …”

“…19−22 Because of the strong interaction between the amino group and ionophores (mainly from the hydrogen bonds), the FIT process has successfully built platforms to sense biomolecules. Such platforms show advantages of label-free detection, high sensitivity, selectivity, and a wide range of analytes, involving small functional molecules, 23,24 such as dopamine, 25−27 ractopamine, 28 topotecan, 29 peptides, 30−32 and proteins. 33,34 Micro/nano interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (μ-ITIES) supported at micro/nanopipettes are an important platform to investigate charge (electron and ion) transfer reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces.…”