Recognition of Chinese Symbols

Wylie, Margaret

doi:10.2307/1413689

Cited by 4 publications

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“…No significant sex differences appear in recall and recognition of the poster boards used by Burtt and Crockett (21) and Wylie (137) finds no sex differences in the recognition of Chinese symbols. Bird (15) obtains negligible differences between the sexes in the influence of the press on the accuracy of report.…”

Section: The Effect Of Associative Aids Perceived Relations and Contextmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Burtt and Crockett (21) report that finality is advantageous, while primacy has a greater value with sophisticated than with naive subjects. A regressive order of syllable perseveration appears in Prandtl's (94) results, and Wylie (137) finds that the initial and final positions are advantageous for symbol recognition. Rehearsal has probably been possible, and some form of social presentation has been used, in these experiments, however.…”

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confidence: 95%

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Memory.

McGeoch¹

1928

Psychological Bulletin

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2 I. MEMORIZINGThe Curve of Memorizing. G. M. Peterson (90) has tested the hypothesis that the negative acceleration of the memory curve is, in part at least, a function of the unequal difficulty of the items in the list. The material consisted of pairs of one-syllable words. Lists of unequal items were constructed on the basis of the previously determined difficulty of each item, using two degrees of difficulty. After each learning presentation, the first word of each pair was presented and a record kept of the items memorized in each trial. All records involving the same number of trials were grouped and the means of the hard and easy items learned in successive trials were computed. The majority of the easy items were learned in the early trials, while the hard items were distributed rather equally, resulting in different memorization curves for the two degrees of difficulty. It appears, thus, that the factor of unequal difficulty may account in part for the phenomenon of negative acceleration. It is interesting that a majority of Peterson's curves show a final spurt.The influence of unequal difficulty appears, in a different way, in the curves for separate items reported by Robinson and Brown (101). In general, these curves evidence the customary negative acceleration, but the sharpness of deceleration varies with serial position. The more favorably situated items show a sharper deceleration. The Robinson and Brown data give an indication of an early positive acceleration in the case of items unfavorably situated in long lists.Stump (113) finds that, when the number of elements learned in a course in civics is plotted against learning days, a slight positive acceleration appears in the case of the slowest learner, while the curve of the fastest learner shows slight negative acceleration. The

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Section: The Effect Of Associative Aids Perceived Relations and Contextmentioning

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Memory.

McGeoch¹

1928

Psychological Bulletin

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“…Studies of ideation have been made by Miles and Terman (95), who find women more introverted and hence more inclined to the evaluating type of associative response. Wylie (136) reports no sex differences in ideation, and Pyle (109) finds that they diminish with age, especially as compared with motor skills. Griffits (57) finds very small, though consistent, sex differences in imagery-women better in auditory, and men better in visual; a finding which agrees with much of the earlier data.…”

Section: Indicate This Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent studies in sex differences.

Allen¹

1930

Psychological Bulletin

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Since 1927, the field here to be reviewed has opened up at an increasingly rapid rate. A good beginning can be made with Langdon-Davies' popular chapter on the " history of human ideas about sex differences " (79). Five factors are cited as causing the myth of the " female character," and a prophecy of the future of womankind is attempted. Sumner and Keller (124) present a vast amount of carefully gathered and documented data on the social side of sexual relations, especially in primitive man. Briffault (21), a British anthropologist, offers extensive and exhaustive documentation for his thesis that the basis of human culture lies in the primitive sentiments about woman in her reproductive capacity; his three volumes contain approximately 2,300 pages. Bauer (10,11), a Viennese gynecologist, tries to prove that sex determines all of woman's actions, no matter how trivial, from birth to death, citing many references in his study of the physical, mental, sexual, and erotic aspects of feminine life. Scheuer (113) offers a historical contribution to the psychology of sex. Heilbron (60) believes woman to be inferior, " above all in the central organ, the brain." A good bibliography of titles, from classical literature to modern experiment, is found in Weith-Knudson's popular book (128). The feministic note is represented in such studies as that by Kennedy (76), using a Japanese setting.Turning to bibliographical studies, it will be unnecessary to more than mention the following: Allen (2), Ellis (44), Lincoln (86), Louttit (88, 89), Scheuer (114,115), and Woody (135) ; these give the careful student the key to the better material. In addition, Goodenough's (54) statement of a program for future research, together with a short summary of some studies in this field, is important and stimulating. Current work on sex differentiation and sex determination in animals is reported in such periodicals as the /. of Exper. Zoology and the Biol. Bull, for 1928 and 1929 especially. II. Physical Differences. Anatomical studies may be passed over rapidly in favor of studies of behavior differences. Over one thou-

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“…Hence much more conclusive results should be obtained from a single study than from many elaborate studies using Chinese subjects. Wylie (33) actually concluded that the Chinese characters are good material for psychological experiments at large. Hull (16) and Kuo (19) both used Chinese characters in their studies on the evolution of concepts and on inductive inference.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reading and legibility of Chinese characters.

Chou¹

1929

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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A study of the reading direction and character position as these factors influence the speed of reading Chinese. Characters were printed on cards and exposed by a special type of quadrant tachistoscope. The subjects were required to read these cards in four directions. By altering the position of the characters and the direction of reading, the speed of reading Chinese was found to be impaired in the extreme case by about 19.6%. The change from normal downward reading of upright characters to upward reading showed a 16.7% decrement. Position of the characters is a more important factor in determining the speed than the direction of reading, and it was found better in all position to read from right to left than from left to right, and better to tilt the characters to the right for "up and left" reading, and to the left for "down and right" reading, although tilting characters to the right is better for all directions of reading as a whole. Reading direction is the least important factor in speed of reading Chinese, while character position is the most important factor. A bibliography of 34 titles accompanies the article.

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Recognition of Chinese Symbols

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Memory.

Memory.

Recent studies in sex differences.

Reading and legibility of Chinese characters.

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