Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System

García-Carnero, Laura C; Martínez-Álvarez, José A.; Salazar-García, Luis M.; Lozoya-Pérez, Nancy E; González-Hernández, Sandra E; Tamez-Castrellón, Alma K.

doi:10.2174/1389203721666191231105546

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 189 publications

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“…In addition, the heteroglycan used in this study was composed of chitin, mannan, and glucan. These polysaccharides could be recognized by PRRs and thus activated macrophages, including increased PRR expression and chitinase secretion, which might promote fungal phagocytosis in previous studies [ 16 ]. For example, Barbara et al reported that chitin upregulated TLR2 and TLR4 transcription in keratinocytes [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2021

BMC Microbiol

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Background Fungal cell wall polysaccharides maintain the integrity of fungi and interact with host immune cells. The immunomodulation of fungal polysaccharides has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, the effect of chitin-rich heteroglycan extracted from Sporothrix schenckiisensu stricto on the immune response has not been investigated. Results In this study, chitin-rich heteroglycan was extracted from S. schenckiisensu stricto, and immunomodulation was investigated via histopathological analysis of skin lesions in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and evaluation of the phagocytic function and cytokine secretion of macrophages in vitro. The results showed that the skin lesions regressed and granulomatous inflammation was reduced in infected mice within 5 weeks. Moreover, heteroglycan promoted the fungal phagocytosis by macrophages and modulated the cytokine secretion. Heteroglycan upregulated TNF-α expression early at 24 h and IL-12 expression late at 72 h after incubation, which might result from moderate activation of macrophages and contribute to the subsequent adaptive immune response. Conclusions Chitin-rich heteroglycan extracted from S. schenckiisensu stricto potentiated fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis. Moreover, chitin-rich heteroglycan promoted fungus phagocytosis by macrophages and modulated cytokines secretion. These results might indicate that chitin-rich heteroglycan could be considered as an immunomodulator used in the treatment of sporotrichosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The fungal cell wall is composed of many polysaccharides that can be recognized by immune cells, regulate cytokine secretion, and modulate immune responses [ 16 , 17 ]. The culture media, growth conditions and drug treatment may impact fungal morphologies and cell wall composition [ 11 , 15 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2021

BMC Microbiol

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“…Thus, PAMPs stimulate a host-specific immune response directed at eliminating the pathogen from the host. Chitin is a major fungal PAMP and the ability of chitin to induce an immune response relies on several factors, such as its source, size, and concentration [ 202 , 203 , 204 ]. Chitin can interact with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on immune cells and is recognized by TLR2, Dectin-1 and mannose receptors (MR).…”

Section: Chitin and Host Immune System Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species

Brauer

Pessoni

Freitas

et al. 2023

JoF

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The fungal cell wall (FCW) is a dynamic structure responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and is essential for modulating the interaction of the fungus with its environment. It is composed of proteins, lipids, pigments and polysaccharides, including chitin. Chitin synthesis is catalyzed by chitin synthases (CS), and up to eight CS-encoding genes can be found in Aspergillus species. This review discusses in detail the chitin synthesis and regulation in Aspergillus species, and how manipulation of chitin synthesis pathways can modulate fungal growth, enzyme production, virulence and susceptibility to antifungal agents. More specifically, the metabolic steps involved in chitin biosynthesis are described with an emphasis on how the initiation of chitin biosynthesis remains unknown. A description of the classification, localization and transport of CS was also made. Chitin biosynthesis is shown to underlie a complex regulatory network, with extensive cross-talks existing between the different signaling pathways. Furthermore, pathways and recently identified regulators of chitin biosynthesis during the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) are described. The effect of a chitin on the mammalian immune system is also discussed. Lastly, interference with chitin biosynthesis may also be beneficial for biotechnological applications. Even after more than 30 years of research, chitin biosynthesis remains a topic of current interest in mycology.

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“…Any component of the cell wall could be a potential PAMP. It is reported that the main molecules that trigger the immune response are chitin, β-glucan, mannan and others ( 13 ).…”

Section: Fungi Recognition Receptors On Mcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection

Song

Liu

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Mast cells (MCs) have been considered as the core effector cells of allergic diseases. However, there are evidence suggesting that MCs are involved in the mechanisms of fungal infection. MCs are mostly located in the border between host and environment and thus may have easy contact with the external environmental pathogens. These cells express receptors which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2/4) and C-type Lectins receptors (Dectin-1/2). Currently, more and more data indicate that MCs can be interacted with some fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Sporothrix schenckii). It is demonstrated that MCs can enhance immunity through triggered degranulation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps in response to the stimulation by fungi. In contrast, the involvement of MCs in some immune responses may lead to more severe symptoms, such as intestinal barrier function loss, development of allergic bronchial pulmonary aspergillosis and increased area of inflammatory in S. schenckii infection. This suggests that MCs and their relevant signaling pathways are potential treatment regimens to prevent the clinically unwanted consequences. However, it is not yet possible to make definitive statements about the role of MCs during fungal infection and/or pathomechanisms of fungal diseases. In our article, we aim to review the function of MCs in fungal infections from molecular mechanism to signaling pathways, and illustrate the role of MCs in some common host-fungi interactions.

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Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System

Cited by 10 publications

References 189 publications

Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis

Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis

Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species

The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection

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